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Renal > Body Fluid Compartments > Flashcards

Body Fluid Compartments Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Concentration of osmotically active particles present in a solution

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2
Q

What are the units used for osmolarity?

A

mosmol/l

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3
Q

What is needed to be able to calculate the osmolarity of a solution?

A

Molar concentration of the solution

Number of osmotically active particles

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4
Q

What is the units used for osmolality?

A

osmol/kg = term can be used interchangeably with osmolarity in body fluids

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5
Q

What is the osmolarity of most body fluids?

A

About 300 mosmol/l

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6
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The effect a solution has on cell volume

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7
Q

What effect does a hypertonicity have?

A

Less water so concentrated salt solution = causes cell shrinkage due to decrease in cell volume

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8
Q

What occurs if a solution is isotonic?

A

No movement as there are equal concentrations of salt and water

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9
Q

What does hypotonicity cause?

A

Cell lysis = contains more water and increases cell volume

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10
Q

What does tonicity take into account?

A

Takes the ability of solute to cross the cell membrane into consideration

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11
Q

How much does total body water (TBW) contribute to body weight?

A

60% of body weight in males
50% of body weight in females
Difference due to difference in body fat

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12
Q

What are the components of total body water?

A 
Intracellular fluid (ICF) = 67% of TBW
Extracellular fluid (ECF) = 33% of total body water
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13
Q

What are the components of the extracellular fluid?

A

Plasma (20%), interstitial fluid (80%), lymph and transcellular fluid (both negligible)

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14
Q

How are body fluid compartments measured?

A

Using tracers = must obtain distribution volume

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15
Q

What are some examples of useful tracers?

A

3H2O for total body water
Inulin for extracellular fluid
Labelled albumin for plasma

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16
Q

How is the concentration of a tracer in water calculated?

A

V (litres) = Dose (D)/Sample concentration (C)

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17
Q

How is the distribution volume of a tracer calculated?

A 
Distrubution volume (litres) = 
Quantity (mol)/Concentration (mol/l)
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18
Q

What must be ensured to ensure that water homeostasis is maintained?

A

Input must equal output

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19
Q

Why is water balance maintained by increased water ingestion?

A

Decreased excretion of water by kidneys alone is insufficient

20
Q

What is the ion composition of the intracellular fluid?

A

10mM of Na+, 140mM of K+, 7mM of Cl-, 10mM of HCO3-

21
Q

What is the ion composition of the extracellular fluid?

A

140mM of Na+, 4.5mM of K+, 115mM of Cl-, 28mM of HCO3-

22
Q

What do cell membrane and membrane transport mechanisms enable cells to do?

A

Maintain internal environments that differ in compositions compared to their surroundings

23
Q

What are the main ions of the fluid compartments?

A 
ECF = Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
ICF = K+, Mg2+, negatively charged proteins
24
Q

What is significant about the osmotic concentrations of the extracellular and intracellular fluids?

A

They are identical = about 300 mosmol/l

25
Q

Why is the regulation of fluid balance and electrolyte balance tightly intertwined?

A

Changes in solute concentration lead to changes in water concentration

26
Q

What is fluid shift?

A

Movement of water between the ICF and ECF in response to an osmotic gradient

27
Q

What does gain or loss of water do?

A

Causes changes in fluid osmolarity = ICF and ECF will be changed in the same way

28
Q

What does gain or loss of NaCl do?

A

Causes change in fluid osmolarity = leads to Na+ excluded from ICF and osmotic water movements

29
Q

What do changes to NaCl do to the ECF and ICF?

A

Produces opposite changes in volumes (i.e one will increase while the other decreases)

30
Q

What does an increase in NaCl in the extracellular fluid cause?

A

Extracellular fluid volume will increase and the intracellular fluid volume will decrease

31
Q

What does a decrease in the NaCl content of the extracellular fluid cause?

A

Extracellular fluid volume will decrease and the intracellular fluid volume will increase

32
Q

What occurs when there is gain or loss of isotonic fluid?

A

Doesn’t change the fluid osmolarity = only changes the ECF volume

33
Q

What organ changes the composition and volume of the ECF?

A

The kidney

34
Q

What is the regulation of the ECF vital for?

A

The long term regulation of blood pressure

35
Q

How can the plasma osmolarity be estimated?

A

Double the plasma sodium ion concentration

36
Q

When does electrolyte balance occur?

A

When the rate of gain equals the rate of loss

37
Q

Why is electrolyte balance important?

A

Total electrolyte concentrations can directly affect water balance = via changes in osmolarity

38
Q

What can the concentrations of individual electrolytes affect?

A

Cell function

39
Q

Why are Na+ and K+ particularly important?

A

Major contributors to the ECF and ICF respectively, ad directly affect functioning of all cells

40
Q

What accounts for 90% of the osmotic concentration of the ECF?

A

Presence of sodium salts

41
Q

What does the total amount of sodium in the ECF represent?

A

Balance between input and output

42
Q

Why is sodium a major determinant of the ECF volume?

A

Mainly present in the ECF

43
Q

What does potassium balance play a key role in?

A

Establishing membrane potential = minor fluctuations have detrimental consequences

44
Q

Where is the majority of potassium located?

A

Over 95% is intracellular

45
Q

What can small leakages or increased cellular uptake of potassium cause?

A

Impacts plasma K+ concentration = causes muscle weakness which may lead to paralysis, or cardiac irregularities causing arrest

46
Q

How does salt imbalance manifest?

A

Changes in extracellular fluid volume

Renal (36 decks)

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