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Renal > Anatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract and Male Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract and Male Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

How do the ureters pass to the true pelvis?

A

Pass from the retroperitoneum through the false pelvis and into the true pelvis

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2
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

From the iliac crests to pelvic inlet = part of the abdominal cavity

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3
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

Pelvic cavity = pelvic inlet to pelvic floor

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4
Q

What forms the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Levator ani and other pelvic floor muscles

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5
Q

What body cavity is the bladder found in?

A

The pelvic cavity

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6
Q

What does the urethra pass through to reach the peritoneum?

A

The pelvic floor

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7
Q

What forms the pelvic floor?

A

The bowl shaped pelvic diaphragm

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8
Q

What structures pass through the pelvic floor?

A

Distal parts of alimentary, renal and reproductive tracts

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9
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Shallow compartment between the pelvic floor and the skin

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10
Q

What is the course of the ureters?

A

Pass anterior to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis, run anteriorly along the lateral pelvic walls

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11
Q

What do the ureters do at the level of the ischial spine?

A

Turn medically to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder

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12
Q

What can be said for the route of the ureters?

A

It is completely sub-peritoneal

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13
Q

What direction do the ureters enter the posterior bladder wall?

A

Inferomedial direction = helps prevent reflux of urine back into ureters when the bladder contracts

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14
Q

What is special about the rectovesicle pouch?

A

Most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity in the anatomical position

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15
Q

What structures does the round ligament of the uterus attach?

A

Attaches uterus to the perineum via the inguinal canal

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16
Q

Where is the vesico-uterine pouch located?

A

Between the bladder and the uterus

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17
Q

What is significant about the recto-uterine pouch of Douglas?

A

Most inferior part of the female peritoneal cavity in the anatomical position

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18
Q

What does the inferior part of the parietal peritoneum form?

A

The floor of the peritoneal cavity and a roof and over the pelvic organs

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19
Q

What are some anatomical relations of the ureter in females?

A

Runs inferiorly to the uterine tubes and the uterine artery

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20
Q

What structure does the ureter in males run inferior to?

A

The vas deferens

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21
Q

Where do the arteries that enter the pelvis originate from?

A

The internal iliac artery

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22
Q

What are some branches that the internal iliac artery gives off into the pelvis?

A

Uterine artery, middle rectal artery, vaginal artery

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23
Q

What vessels supply the bladder?

A

Vesical arteries

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24
Q

What do the pelvic veins drain into?

A

The internal iliac vein

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25
Q

What branches does the vesical artery give rise to?

A

The prostatic arteries

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26
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder?

A

Internal aspect of bladder = formed by 2 ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice

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27
Q

How are the orifices arranged in the trigone?

A

Ureteric orifices are the posterior aspect

Internal urethral orifice in the inferior aspect

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28
Q

What does the detrusor muscle form?

A

The main bulk of the bladder wall

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29
Q

How does the detrusor muscle prevent urine reflux?

A

Fibres encircle ureteric orifices and tighten when the bladder contracts

30
Q

What does the detrusor muscle form in the male bladder?

A

The internal urethral sphincter muscle = contracts during ejaculation to prevent reflux

31
Q

What is the most anterior organ in the pelvis?

A

The bladder (when empty) = lies posterior to the pubic bone

32
Q

What are the anatomical relations of the bladder in males?

A

Prostate lies inferior to bladder, rectum is posterior to bladder

33
Q

What are the anatomical relations of the bladder in females?

A

Body of uterus usually lies superior (separated by uterovesical pouch)

34
Q

What bears most of the weight of the uterus?

A

The bladder

35
Q

Where is the empty bladder located?

A

Lies within pelvis and it’s superior surface is covered by peritoneum

36
Q

Where is the full bladder located?

A

Can extend out of pelvis = superior part lies superior to pubic bone, peritoneum still only covers superior surface

37
Q

What are the two ways of catheterising the bladder?

A 
Urethral = more common
Supra-pubic = through anterior abdominal wall and avoids peritoneal cavity
38
Q

How long is the urethra?

A 
Male = 20cm long 
Female = 4cm long
39
Q

Where is the spongy urethra located in males?

A

Within the corpus spongiosum

40
Q

How are the urethral sphincters controlled?

A

External urethral sphincter = voluntary

Internal urethral sphincter = involuntary

41
Q

Where should the testes be located at birth?

A

Within the scrotum

42
Q

What is the course of the testes during development?

A

Move from original position in the posterior abdomen, through the posterior inguinal canal and to the scrotum

43
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

Collection of structures which support the functioning of the testes

44
Q

What vessels are within the spermatic cord?

A

Testicular artery, testicular vein, lymphatic vessels

45
Q

What nerves are contained within the spermatic cord?

A

Autonomic nerves for the smooth muscle of the vas

Somatic nerves for the cremaster muscle

46
Q

What covers the epididymis and testis?

A

Visceral tunica vaginalis

47
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

Excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis

48
Q

What venous plexus is contained within the spermatic cord?

A

Pampiniform plexus

49
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

Transports sperm = begins at inferior pole of testes

50
Q

What is testicular tortion?

A

Twisting of the spermatic cord = may disrupt blood supply and lead to testicular necrosis, causes severe pain

51
Q

What is the function of the deep inguinal ring?

A

Allows passage of the spermatic cord into and out of the inguinal canal

52
Q

Where can the epididymis be palpated?

A

At posterior aspect of testes

53
Q

Where is the proximal end (head) of the epididymis located?

A

At the posterior aspect of the superior pole of the testes

54
Q

Where can the vas deferens be palpated?

A

Within the spermatic cord = within scrotum superior to testes

55
Q

What is the course of the vas deferens?

A

Passes superiorly within the spermatic cord to the deep inguinal ring, where it turns medially into the pelvis

56
Q

Where do the secretions from the prostate gland drain in to?

A

The prostatic urethra via the prostatic ducts

57
Q

What structures form the ejaculatory duct?

A

Vas deferens and the duct from the seminal gland

58
Q

How big is the prostate gland?

A

Walnut sized = surrounds prostatic urethra

59
Q

What is the inferior aspect of the prostate in contact with?

A

The levator ani muscle

60
Q

What are the zones of the prostate gland?

A

Peripheral and central zones

61
Q

What part of the prostate can be felt during a PR examination?

A

The peripheral zone = site of most prostate cancers

62
Q

Where is the penis located?

A

Within the perineum

63
Q

What is the root of the penis attached to laterally?

A

Ischium of the pelvis

64
Q

What happens to the penis during an erection?

A

The three cylinders of erectile tissue become engorged with blood at arterial pressure

65
Q

What are the erectile tissues of the penis?

A

Right and left corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum

66
Q

Where are the right and left corpus cavernosum located?

A

Located posteriorly = transmit deep arteries of blood to penis

67
Q

Where is the corpus spongiosum located?

A

Located anteriorly = transmits spongy urethra

68
Q

What forms the glans of the penis?

A

Distal expansion of the corpus spongiosum

69
Q

What is the blood supply of the penis?

A

Deep arteries of penis = branches of internal pudendal artery from internal iliac artery

70
Q

What is the blood supply to the scrotum?

A

Internal pudendal artery and branches from the external iliac artery

71
Q

Where does lymph from the scrotum and most of the penis (not glans) drain to?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes = in superficial fascia in the groin

72
Q

Where does lymph from the testis drain to?

A

Lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta

Renal (36 decks)

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