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Science 2015 > Body Coordination > Flashcards

Body Coordination Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the two main parts of the Nervous System

A

The Central and Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

List the two parts of the Central Nervous System

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

list the two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

The sensory nerves and receptors

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4
Q

Define the CNS

A

The Central Nervous System is the:

Control centre which receives messages from all over the body, works out whats happening, then sends a message telling the body how to respond.

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5
Q

Define the PNS

A

The Peripheral Nervous System:

The muscles, organs and glands which detect a change and produce a response.

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6
Q

List the two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic and Autonomic nervous Systems

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7
Q

Define the somatic nervous system

A

The Somatic NS:

Involves collecting information through our senses.

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8
Q

Define a stimulus

A

info coming in from the environment:

for example: light, smell and temperature.

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9
Q

Define receptors

A

receptors detect the stimulus

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors

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11
Q

Describe mechanoreceptors

A

Found in the skin

Respond to touch

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12
Q

Describe photoreceptors

A

Found in the Eyes

Respond to light

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13
Q

Describe chemoreceptors

A

Found in the tongue and nose

Respond to chemicals

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14
Q

What does skin respond to?

A

Pain, touch and temperature

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15
Q

Describe the hearing sensory hairs

A

They are in the semicircular canals
These detect movement and control balance
sound waves and gravity etc.

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16
Q

Where are the photoreceptors in your eyes?

A

the retina

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17
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?

A

rods and cones

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18
Q

Describe rods

A

respond to dark/dim light

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19
Q

Describe cones

A

responds to colour vision
= red/green
=yellow/blue

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20
Q

Where are the chemoreceptors in your tongue?

A

tastebuds

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21
Q

Define the autonomic NS

A

Controls anything done without conscious thought

breathing, digestion, sweating etc.

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22
Q

What are the 2 parts of the autonomic NS?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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23
Q

Describe Sympathetic

A

The speedy system
It prepares your body to act.
(fight or flight)

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24
Q

Describe Parasympathetic

A

The slower system

it controls your body when resting

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25
Q

What are the 5 things the sympathetic NS does to prepare your body for action?

A
  • Diverts blood away from digestion and skin, to the lungs, heart and muscles.
  • Stops peristalsis
  • Opens the bronchioles in the lungs
  • increases the heart rate
  • Dilates (bigger) pupils in the eyes
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26
Q

What are the 5 things the parasympathetic NS does to slow down your body?

A
  • Diverts blood away from the lungs, heart and muscles, to the skin and digestion
  • peristalsis is faster
  • closes the bronchioles in the lungs
  • decreases heart rate
  • constricts (smaller) pupils in the eyes
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27
Q

Dendrites………….message

A

detect

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28
Q

Axons carry the message ………….

A

away

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29
Q

What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

A

neurons

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30
Q

Four main parts of a neurone are…

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • end of axon (knobs)
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31
Q

The function of a neurone is to….

A

transmit a message/nerve impulse from one part of the body to another.
This message will only transmit in one direction.

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32
Q

Describe the sensory neurone

A

Carry impulses from the receptor cells in the sense organs to the interneurones found in the spinal cord

Some examples of sense organs are eyes, ears, tongue and skin

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33
Q

Describe interneurons

A

Found in the CNS

Carry impulses from the sensory neurone to brain and from the brain to the motor neurones

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34
Q

Describe the motor neurones

A

Carry impulses from the CNS to the effector

35
Q

What is an effector?

A

A muscle, organ or gland that secretes chemicals to put messages into effect.

36
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

A layer of insulation found on the nerves.

37
Q

Describe the neurotransmitters function

A

Carry the message from the axon of one neuron, to the dendrite of the next neuron.

38
Q

Contrast a stimulus and a response

A

A stimulus is pain, touch or temperature, whereas response is your reaction to that stimulus

39
Q

What are neurotransmitters also known as?

A

Chemical messages

40
Q

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon the electrical impulse is……………………….

A

converted to a chemical message

41
Q

These chemical messages are called……

A

neurotransmitters

42
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from the end of the axon and travel across the …………… to the ……………. of the neighbouring neuron

A

synapse

dendrite

43
Q

The dendrite then sends a nerve impulse along its……..

A

axon

44
Q

What are the two hemispheres of the brain called?

A

The Left and Right hemispheres

45
Q

Left controls…………

Right controls…………

A

Right

Left

46
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A

The cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla/brain stem

47
Q

Describe the cerebrum

A
  • 80% of the brain

- conscious thought occurs

48
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A

-coordination and balance

49
Q

Describe the medulla/brain stem

A

-controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate etc.

50
Q

Define reflexes and give some examples:

A

Reflexes:
A reflex action is an action where the brain has been left out of the relay.

Eg. Feel pain, your body automatically reacts

Some examples of reflexes are pupillary, swallowing, patella, and blinking.

51
Q

Describe a reflex arc

A

When you feel pain, your body will automatically react.
The sensory neurone will pass a message to a relay/interneurone in the spinal cord, which passes a message directly to the motor neurone and effector. This is called a reflex arc.

52
Q

Describe the endocrine system

A

A communication system in the body that carries messages at a slower rate than the nervous system

53
Q

What are the messages in the endocrine system carried by?

A

Hormones in the blood stream

54
Q

Where are the hormone messages produced throughout the body

A

in the various endocrine glands

55
Q

Which organ is in control of the endocrine system, and it also referred to as the ‘master’ gland?

A

The Pituitary Gland, located in the brain

56
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

The Pituitary Gland
responds to info received by the hypothalamus- via the nervous system, then produces/ decreases other hormones in the endocrine glands in the body.

57
Q

Which two systems do the hypothalamus link together?

A

Nervous System and the Endocrine System

58
Q

Where do the endocrine glands release hormones?

A

into the bloodstream

59
Q

Describe hormones

A

Different hormones have a different shape, and that shape can only fit into a particular cell.
They can do this based on their chemical structure.
These particular cells are called target cells.

60
Q

Once a hormone and a target cell meet, there is a change in ……. ………. .

A

cell activity.

61
Q

List all of the endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid and Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Ovaries and Testes

62
Q

What does the thyroid control?

A
  • Metabolism

- Hormonal control of Body Temperature

63
Q

What process matches this description?

The process of maintaining temperature, water content, oxygen, concentration of waste, blood sugar/glucose levels, which all need to stay constant throughout the body.

A

Homeostasis

64
Q

What is the receptor of homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus

65
Q

What are the effectors of homeostasis?

A

the endocrine glands

66
Q

Describe homeostasis

A

The process of maintaining temperature, water content, oxygen, concentration of waste, blood sugar/glucose levels, which all need to stay constant throughout the body.

67
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical reactions from digestion, respiration, growth etc. are all your metabolism.

68
Q

Which endocrine gland controls the hormonal control of temperature?

A

The Thyroid Gland

69
Q

Which hormone is produced by the thyroid?

A

thyroxine

70
Q

Which hormone released by the pituitary gland, tells the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine, causing a heat increase?

A

TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

71
Q

If there is a ……… in temperature the pituitary gland secretes TSH to stimulate the release of thyroxine

A

fall in temperature

72
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Thyroxine causes an increased rate of metabolism, therefore more heat is generated.

73
Q

Which gland controls the nervous control of temperature?

A

The Hypothalamus

74
Q

How does the hypothalamus control temperature?

A
  1. Hypothalamus detects a drop in temp. and sends nerve impulses to muscles, causing shaking that increases heat.
75
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to reduce body temperature?

A

The Sympathetic Nervous System narrows blood vessels near the skin’s surface so less blood is present, reducing heat.
Toes and fingers may go numb.

76
Q

What does the hypothalamus do when it detects a rise in body temperature?

A

It sends nerve message to the sweat glands and blood vessels.

Sweat glands produce more sweat so you feel cooler when it evaporates.

Blood vessels dilate so more blood flows to the skin, making it appear red.

77
Q

What does the pancreas control?

A

insulin/blood sugar levels

78
Q

Which hormones are released when there is an increase in blood sugar levels?

A

The pancreas releases the insulin hormone.

Insulin converts extra glucose to glycogen- stored in the liver

79
Q

Which hormones are released when there is a decrease in blood sugar levels after activity?

A

The pancreas releases the glucagon hormone.

80
Q

People with……… cannot produce or respond to insulin

A

diabetes

81
Q

Too much glucose makes the …….

A

blood too thick

82
Q

Too little glucose makes…….

A

you get dizzy

83
Q

What is the needed blood sugar level?

A

About 0.8-1 mg/mL

Science 2015 (7 decks)

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