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ETP Test 4 > Body Composition & Weight Management > Flashcards

Body Composition & Weight Management Flashcards

1
Q

Rationale for Body Comp Assessment

A
  • Indicates many chronic diseases
  • Detection of obesity
  • Its development are of primary importance for many health and exercise science professionals
  • Assessment of muscle mass
  • Bone density
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2
Q

Chronic Diseases indicated by Body Comp Assessment

A
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • CAD
  • Certain types of cancer
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3
Q

Assessment of Muscle Mass (Rationale for Body Comp Assessment)

A
  • LBM

- Muscle wasting (sarcopenia)

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4
Q

Bone density (Rationale for Body Comp Assessment)

A

Risk of osteoporosis

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5
Q

Selection of Methodology for Body Comp Assessment

A
  • There are no direct in vivo methods
  • Cost
  • Availability
  • Technician training
  • Individual characteristics
  • Performance requirements
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6
Q

Criticism of BMI (Health Risk Assessments)

A
  • Poor predictor of % body fat
  • Results in inaccurate classifications for some individuals
  • SEE + 5% for predicting % body fat
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7
Q

For non-athletic population Health Risk Assessments are…

A

Reasonably accurate

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8
Q

Therefore, BMI meets the… (Health Risk Assessments)

A

Objectives of assessing health risk

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9
Q

Direct Body Comp Method

A
  • Chemical analysis of the whole body or cadaver

- Not suitable for living human body comp assessment

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10
Q

Indirect Body Comp Method

A
  • Derived from the direct method of chemical analysis

- Hydrodensitometry

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11
Q

Doubly Indirect Body Comp Method

A
  • Derived from an indirect method
  • Generally prone to greater error in measurement
  • Skinfold analysis
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12
Q

Property-Based Methods (Indirect Methods)

A
  • Measurement of body volume
  • Decay properties of specific isotopes
  • Electrical resistance
  • Estimation of total body water (TBW) from tritium dilution (most common)
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13
Q

Component-Based Methods (Indirect Methods)

A
  • The measured quantity is first assessed using a property-based method and
  • The component is estimated by application of the model
  • FFM can be estimated from body water by use of tritium dilution to measure TBW
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14
Q

Body Fat Prediction Equation Selection

A
  1. To whom is the specific % body fat equation used applicable?
  2. Was an appropriate compartment model used to develop the equation used?
  3. Was a representative sample of the population studied?
  4. How were the predictor variables measured?
  5. Was the equation cross-validated in another sample of the population?
  6. Does the equation give accurate estimates of % body fat?
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15
Q

General Error Concepts in Body Comp Assessment

A

No method is perfect; Error is expressed as the + SEE
+ 1 SEE refers to 68% of population
SEE is a measure of the variability of a population’s actual % BF values

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16
Q

Example of General Error Concepts in Body Comp Assessment

A

-68% of similar individuals (16.5 to 23.5%)
-32% have % BF values > + 3.5%
=< 16.5% or > 23.5%

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17
Q

Skinfold Analysis

A
  • Considered a doubly indirect method
  • Based on 2C model
  • Based on the principle that amount of subcutaneous fat is directly proportional to the total amount of BF
  • Specific skinfold regression equation used must match population measured
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18
Q

However, proportion of subcutaneous fat to total fat varies with… (Skinfold Analysis)

A

Gender, age, race and other factors

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19
Q

Limitations of Skinfold Analysis

A
  • Technician training
  • Skinfold site measurement accuracy
  • Measurement technique
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20
Q

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

A

Noninvasive and Easy-to-administer

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21
Q

Basic Premise of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

A

Mass of FF tissue is proportional to the electrical conductivity of the body; LBM is good electrical conductor

22
Q

Fat is poor conductor (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

A

Impedes electrical current

23
Q

Uses equations for % BF (3C model) using assumptions about

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA

A
  • Hydration levels

- Exact water content of various tissues

24
Q

Factors affecting BIA (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

A 
-Fluid intake 
Meal timing
Bladder fullness
Diuretic or 
Caffeine use 
Recent exercise
25
Q

Make sure person is of normal hydration (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

A

-SEE is b/t + 3.5-5.0%

26
Q

% BF consistently (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

A
  • Overestimated for lean people

- Underestimates obese people

27
Q

Near-Infrared Interactance

A
  • Based on principle of light absorption
  • Reflection using near-infrared spectroscopy to provide info about the chemical composition of body
  • A light wand device is positioned on a body part
  • Absorption of the infrared beam is measured
  • SEE reported > + 5.0%
28
Q

Major limitation of Near-Infrared Interactance

A

Relatively small sampling area on body

29
Q

Hydrostatic Weighing

A
  • Considered criterion or gold standard
  • Based on Archimede’s principle
  • Can determine body density
30
Q

How to determine body density from Hydrostatic Weighing

A

Db = mass/volume

-Db is then converted to % BF using 2C model equation

31
Q

What must you know for Hydrostatic Weighing

A
  • Residual volume
  • Density of water
  • Trapped gas in GI tract
  • Dry body weight
  • Body weight fully submerged in water
32
Q

Density of lean tissue for Hydrostatic Weighing is assumed to be

A
  • 1.10 g·cc-1 for all
  • African Americans > 1.11 g·cc-1
  • Youths <1.09 g·cc-1
  • SEE about + 2.5%
33
Q

Major limitations of Hydrostatic Weighing

A
  • Space
  • Plumbing
  • Cost
  • Specialized equipment
  • Time
  • Need for an accurate RV
  • Inherent fear many adults have in staying fully submerged
34
Q

Clinical Assessment Procedures

A
  • Computed tomography (CT)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Non-invasively quantify volume of body tissue (such as fat)
  • Use multicompartment model
  • Can analyze muscle & bone density too
  • Can be high cost
  • Not very practical
35
Q

Plethysmography: Air Displacement

A
  • Body volume measured by air displacement rather than water displacement
  • Bod Pod uses a dual chamber plethysmograph that measures body volume
  • Changes in air pressure with a closed 2C chamber
  • SEE varies from + 2.2-3.7%
  • Can be expensive
  • Must wear tight fitting clothes
36
Q

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry

A
  • Based on 3C model
  • Used to assess total bone mineral content and estimate bone, fat, and lean tissue
  • Uses low-level radiation
  • Is safe, fast & accurate
  • Generally large and expensive
  • Precision about 1% with an SEE of about 1.8% BF
37
Q

3C model of Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry

A
  • Total body mineral stores
  • Mineral-free lean mass
  • Fat mass
38
Q

Although national standards have been developed and accepted for BMI and WHR

A

None exist for estimates of % BF

39
Q

All standards for BF differ by…

A
  • Gender

- Most by age

40
Q

Body fat % standards from research revisions (1994) evaluated college-educated men and women

A
  • Average college-aged male: 12-15%

- Average college-aged female: 22-25%

41
Q

Essential Fat: Women (Body fat % standards)

A

8-12%

42
Q

Athletic: Women (Body fat % standards)

A

12-22%

43
Q

Minimal: Women (Body fat % standards)

A

10-12%

44
Q

Recommended (over 56yrs): Women (Body fat % standards)

A

25-38% (obese = anything greater)

45
Q

Recommended (35-55yrs): Women (Body fat % standards)

A

23-38% (obese = anything greater)

46
Q

Recommended (34yrs or less): Women (Body fat % standards)

A

20-35% (obese = anything greater)

47
Q

Essential Fat: Men (Body fat % standards)

A

3-5%

48
Q

Athletic: Men (Body fat % standards)

A

5-13%

49
Q

Minimal: Men (Body fat % standards)

A

5%

50
Q

Recommended (over 56yrs): Men (Body fat % standards)

A

10-25% (obese = anything greater)

51
Q

Recommended (35-55yrs): Men (Body fat % standards)

A

10-25% (obese = anything greater)

52
Q

Recommended (34yrs or less): Men (Body fat % standards)

A

8-22% (obese = anything greater)

ETP Test 4 (6 decks)

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