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602 EX 1 > Body Communication > Flashcards

Body Communication Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the study of processes and functions of living organisms

A

Physiology

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2
Q

______ is the maintenance of steady states in body by coordinated physiological mechanisms

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

who introduced homeostasis?

A

Walter B Cannon

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4
Q

______ is a condition in which opposing forces in adjacent compartments are balanced (no net transfer), but
_________ is a condition that doest change with time and can apply to single or several compartments

A

Equilibrium, Steady state

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5
Q

does steady state necessarily indicate an equilibrium condition?

A

NO

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6
Q

________ involves enzymatic reactions. a example of this is G6P inhibiting Hexokinase II

A

End-product inhibition

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7
Q

_____________ involves non-enzymatic processes where a sensor acts on a feedback controller

A

Negative feedback control

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8
Q

___________ is an open loop where regulated variable is NOT sensed by a sensor; it anticipates changes and pushes the body to respond in anticipation

A

feed-forward control

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9
Q

what are examples of feed-forward controls?

A

-your stomach growling and releasing stomach acid in response to seeing/smelling food
-your HR, BP increasing in anticipation of a race

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10
Q

_______ occurs when a variable is changed/sensed and action is taken to reinforce the change in that variable

A

Positive feedback

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11
Q

what are different forms of cell communication?

A
  1. direct links (gap/transient)
  2. local chemical responses
  3. neuronal synapses
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12
Q

advantages and disadvantages of gap junctions?

A

Advantages:
-Not a general body response
-Fast transmission to neighboring cells
-Reliable transmission
-Coordinated activity between cells

Disadvantages
-Can’t communicate with cells in different organs
-Can’t communicate efficiently with cells located far in same tissue

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13
Q

Transient direct linkup of cells are mainly between _______ cells and other cells

A

immune

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14
Q

when would down-regulation of receptors happen?

A

If there are a high number of ligands, receptor number goes down so we don’t have too much of a response

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15
Q

when would up-regulation of receptors happen?

A

If there are not enough ligands/hormones, receptor number will increase so we can have enough binding for the correct effect

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16
Q

is amplification of signals usually seen with nuclear receptors?

A

no because nuclear receptors are used for substances that are highly regulated (testosterone, estrogen, retinoic acid)

17
Q

what are the ways ions can enter the cell?

A
  1. direct/ionotropic
  2. indirect/metabotropic
  3. leaky channel, voltage gated
18
Q

_______ catalyzes reaction to produce cAMP → cAMP (cAMP can then activate PKA)

A

Adenylyl cyclase

19
Q

Most cases: cAMP production associated with _____ muscle relaxation (removal of Ca+ from cells)

A

smooth

20
Q

________ is a family of enzymes that breakdown cAMP → AMP

A

Phosphodiesterase

21
Q

_______ cleaves PiP2 → IP3 + Diacylglycerol

A

Phospholipase C

22
Q

___ is involved in Ca++ mediated signaling (mechanism of activation for smooth muscle) and Calmodulin

A

IP3

23
Q

_________ activates PKC

A

Diacylglycerol (DAG)

24
Q

________ enzymes are involved in pathway production of Prostaglandins, prostacyclin, Thromboxane A2
(easy target for drugs such as NSAIDS and Vioxx Celebrex)

A

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX)

25
Q

COX-1 or COX-2 → PGH2 → ______enzyme_____ → PGI2 (prostacyclin) → Vasodilation

A

Prostacyclin synthase

26
Q

COX-1 or COX-2 → PGH2 → _____enzyme______→ Thromboxane A → Vasoconstriction

A

Thromboxane synthetase

27
Q

_______ are mediators of allergic reactions and inflammation, secreted by mast cells when allergens combine with IgE

A

Leukotrienes

28
Q

________ are the enzymes that catalyze the reactions that create leukotrienes

A

Lipoxygenases enzymes

29
Q

what are some diseases leukotrienes are associated with?

A

-TMJ inflammation
-Rheumatoid arthritis
-Asthma
-Allergic rhinitis
-Crohn’s disease
-Ulcerative colitis

30
Q

does apoptosis induce inflammation?

A

NO

31
Q

are caspases a part of necrosis?

A

NO only apoptosis

32
Q

alzheimers is associated with _____ apoptosis and cancer is associated with ______ apoptosis

A

too much
cells escaping

33
Q

what are some reasons for cells going through apoptosis?

A

-Self-destruction for the greater good of remaining cells
-Self-elimination of selected cells = a normal part of development
-Tissue turnover in the adult body
-Cellular elements in human blood and immune system

34
Q

_____ causes cells to disintegrate and release intracellular content into interstitial area which produces inflammation

A

Necrosis

602 EX 1 (9 decks)

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