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Bodily Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What are bodily fluids?

A

Liquids that have been secreted or excreted within the body.

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2
Q

What is excretion?

A

It is the removal of waste products from the body.

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3
Q

What is secretion?

A

It is when fluids are transferred from part of the body to another.

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4
Q

Give an example of an excreted fluid.

A

Urine, faeces, vomit.

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5
Q

Give an example of a secreted fluid.

A

Blood, plasma, semen and saliva.

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6
Q

What is forensic pathology?

A
  • It is the cause, manner and time since death.
  • A forensic pathologist will determine the cause of death by analysing and looking for different things in the body such as stomach contents and diatoms in pleural liquid.
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7
Q

What is direct transfer?

A
  • When a fluid is exchange from an individual to another object for example blood being transferred from the victim to the murder weapon.
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8
Q

What is indirect transfer?

A

Indirect transfer is when a fluid is exchanged from an individual to an object/ surrounding and then transferred to another object.

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9
Q

What are the two screening techniques that can be used to detect the presence of bodily fluids that are not visible to the naked eye?

A

Chenical agents
Alternative light source

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10
Q

What is luminol used for?

A
  • It is used to detect the presence of blood.
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11
Q

What is the benefit of using luminol on blood?

A

It does not destroy DNA.

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12
Q

What is the forensic approach?

A
  1. Presumptive test
  2. Confirmatory tests
  3. Downstream analysis
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13
Q

What are the four main components of blood and the percentage composition of them?

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelettes
  4. Plasma
    55% composition of plasma which contains water, proteins, enzymes
    45% of the other main components.
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14
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

It is an iron-containing protein which carries oxygen around the body.

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15
Q

What is the most abundant blood cell in the body?

A

Erythrocytes

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16
Q

What shape do thrombocytes have?

A

Irregular shape

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17
Q

What is the shape of red blood cells?

A

Bioconcave

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18
Q

What are the two blood type systems?

A

ABO
RhD antigen

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19
Q

Who discovered the ABO system?

A

Landsteiner and Weiner in the 1930’s

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20
Q

What are the four main blood groups?

A

A,
B,
O,
AB.

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21
Q

What can a blood pattern tell you?

A

The analysis of blood patterns can indicate what happened at a scene of crime.

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22
Q

What is active bloodstain?

A
  • Blood travels by force other than gravity.
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23
Q

What will a projection lead to in blood splatters and pressure.?

A

Gushes and spurts
High BP leads to a gush and a low BP leads to a spurt

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24
Q

What will cause a bloodstain splatter?

A

Impact to the body via a weapon.

25
What is a passive bloodstain?
Blood formed solely under the influence of gravity.
26
What type of blood splatters are with passive bloodstains?
Drops or pools of blood.
27
What two tests can be used to detect the presence of blood?
KM: Kastle-Meyer LMG: Leuchomalachite green
28
What is a positive KM result with blood?
Pink colour
29
What is a positive LMG result with blood?
Green colour
30
What happens when hydrogen peroxide is added to blood?
An oxidative reaction occurs and phenolphthalin oxidises into phenolphthalein.
31
What are the five steps to identify the presence of blood?
1. Blood found at a crime scene. 2. Ethanol is added to the sample. 3. KM or LMG is added to the sample. 4. Hydrogen Peroxide is added to the sample. 5. Pink colour or green colour is shown as a positive result.
32
What type of activity happens when haemoglobin in blood gives a pink colour?
- Peroxidase activity.
33
Name two crystal tests?
Teichman and Takayma
34
What does a serological test distinguish?
- Identifies the presence go human proteins. - Distinguishes between human and animal blood.
35
What is one drawback of a saliva tests?
- There is no confirmatory tests for saliva.
36
What is the purpose of saliva and what components can be found in it?
- Helps in digestion as It breaks down food starches. - Enzymes, proteins , white blood cells and alpha amylase.
37
Which enzyme breaks down amylase?
Alpha amylase
38
What two tests can be used for the detection of alpha amylase in saliva?
Phadebas and SALIGae test
39
What fluid is found in sperm cells?
Seminal fluid
40
What test is used for the detection for semen?
Seminal acid phosphatase
41
What does acid phosphatase detect in semen?
Prostate Specific Antigens
42
What stain is used to visualise sperm heads in a microscopic test?
Christmas tree stain. the heads are stained red and the tails (flagellum) are stained green.
43
What does an RS-ID sperm strip test detect?
Detects proteins and antigens present in the sample.
44
What are there not many test to detect the presence of vaginal fluid?
- Menstrual cycle - Variable hormone levels
45
What reagent can be used for the detection of vaginal fluid but is destructive and not reliable?
PAS, Periodic acid-schiff and this is because it is invasive and can destroy the DNA present in the sample. The reagent can detect the presence of glycjogenated epithelial cells. Positive result is a magenta colour.
46
What is d-dimer?
It is a protein fragment
47
What test detects haemoglobin and d-dimer?
SERATEC-PMB test
48
What enzyme breaks down urea.
Urease
49
What products are produced by the breakdown of urea?
Ammonia and carbon dioxide
50
What is creatinine?
It is a waste product from the digestion of protein.
51
What tests can be used for the detection of urine?
Nessler's and DMAC. Detects ammonia Positive test for DMAC is pink.
52
What reagent is used for the detection of creatinine?
Jaffe test
53
What is the hardest bodily fluid to identify?
Sweat
54
What is a true positive test?
When the result is positive on a known sample
55
What is a false positive test?
When the result is positive on a blank.
56
What is a true negative test?
When the result is negative on a true blank.
57
What is a false negative?
When the result is negative on a known sample.
58
What three techniques can be used for the detection of sweat?
SEM-EDX G-81 Metabolite biometrics
59
What is proteomics?
Protein analysis

Forensic Science (8 decks)

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