Blue Box: Exam 1 Flashcards
What is muscle atrophy and what are some causes?
The wasting of muscle tissue
Primary disorder of muscle, lesion of a nerve, immobilization of a limb (cast)
How do accessory bones form and where are they most common?
When additional ossification centers form and do not fuse with main bone
Common in foot
How do arteries deal with blockages?
Anastomoses: communication between branches which leads to collateral circulation (re routing) or termination of blood flow to that area (terminal artery)
How are varicose veins formed?
Walls of veins lose elasticity and become weak/dilate under pressure of blood flow and gravity
What is a Dowager hump mad how is it formed?
Excessive thoracic kyphosis
Result of the corrosion of the anterior part of vertebrae
What is hollow back and how is it caused?
Excessive lumbar lordosis
Result of weak trunk musculature
What are the causes of scoliosis and what movement is limited?
Asymmetric weakness of intrinsic back muscles, failure of half of a vertebrae to develop, leg length discrepancy
Lateral flexion (due to change In symmetry of muscles)
What is a laminectomy and what are some reasons for getting this procedure?
Excision of a spinous process and supporting laminae to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves
Tumor, herniated disc, hypertrophy (excess growth)
What 2 forces cause fracture and dislocation in vertebrae?
Abrupt flexion and compression
Most common in car accidents
What is spina bifida and it’s symptoms?
Common condition where laminae of L5/S1 fail to develop and fuse
Usually no symptoms
How is spina bifida cystica different from regular spina bifida?
One or more vertebral arches completely fail to develop causing herniation of meninges/ spinal cord. Symptoms are limb paralysis and loss of bladder/bowel control.
How does hyperextension effect different regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical: whiplash (non severe) or death (severe)
Thoracic: fracture (T11-T12 most common…more mobile)
Lumbar: spondyloisthesis
What happens when blood flow is reduced in the vertebral arteries through the foramina transversarium in the cervical region?
Arteriosclerosis: light headed dizziness with prolonged head rotation
What is the cause of herniated discs and what are the resulting symptoms ?
Degeneration of the posterior longitudinal ligament and wearing of the annulus fibrosus causes the nucleus pulposus to herniate and compress spinal cord/nerves
Results in either localized or chronic pain
Most common L4-L5 or L5-S1
What is the result of the transverse ligament of the atlas rupturing?
The dens is set free causing dislocation
Incomplete dislocation: atlanto-axial subluxation
Complete dislocation: quadriplegia or death
(Dens is driven up into spinal cord or medulla)
