Blue Box: Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is muscle atrophy and what are some causes?

A

The wasting of muscle tissue

Primary disorder of muscle, lesion of a nerve, immobilization of a limb (cast)

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1
Q

How do accessory bones form and where are they most common?

A

When additional ossification centers form and do not fuse with main bone

Common in foot

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2
Q

How do arteries deal with blockages?

A

Anastomoses: communication between branches which leads to collateral circulation (re routing) or termination of blood flow to that area (terminal artery)

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3
Q

How are varicose veins formed?

A

Walls of veins lose elasticity and become weak/dilate under pressure of blood flow and gravity

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4
Q

What is a Dowager hump mad how is it formed?

A

Excessive thoracic kyphosis

Result of the corrosion of the anterior part of vertebrae

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5
Q

What is hollow back and how is it caused?

A

Excessive lumbar lordosis

Result of weak trunk musculature

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6
Q

What are the causes of scoliosis and what movement is limited?

A

Asymmetric weakness of intrinsic back muscles, failure of half of a vertebrae to develop, leg length discrepancy

Lateral flexion (due to change In symmetry of muscles)

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7
Q

What is a laminectomy and what are some reasons for getting this procedure?

A

Excision of a spinous process and supporting laminae to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves

Tumor, herniated disc, hypertrophy (excess growth)

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8
Q

What 2 forces cause fracture and dislocation in vertebrae?

A

Abrupt flexion and compression

Most common in car accidents

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9
Q

What is spina bifida and it’s symptoms?

A

Common condition where laminae of L5/S1 fail to develop and fuse

Usually no symptoms

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10
Q

How is spina bifida cystica different from regular spina bifida?

A

One or more vertebral arches completely fail to develop causing herniation of meninges/ spinal cord. Symptoms are limb paralysis and loss of bladder/bowel control.

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11
Q

How does hyperextension effect different regions of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical: whiplash (non severe) or death (severe)
Thoracic: fracture (T11-T12 most common…more mobile)
Lumbar: spondyloisthesis

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12
Q

What happens when blood flow is reduced in the vertebral arteries through the foramina transversarium in the cervical region?

A

Arteriosclerosis: light headed dizziness with prolonged head rotation

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13
Q

What is the cause of herniated discs and what are the resulting symptoms ?

A

Degeneration of the posterior longitudinal ligament and wearing of the annulus fibrosus causes the nucleus pulposus to herniate and compress spinal cord/nerves

Results in either localized or chronic pain

Most common L4-L5 or L5-S1

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14
Q

What is the result of the transverse ligament of the atlas rupturing?

A

The dens is set free causing dislocation

Incomplete dislocation: atlanto-axial subluxation
Complete dislocation: quadriplegia or death
(Dens is driven up into spinal cord or medulla)

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15
Q

What is winged scapula?

A

Injury to the long thoracic nerve cause paralysis to the serratus anterior, which causes the scapula to move laterally/posteriorly and look like a wing

16
Q

What is the difference between a back sprain and a back strain?

A

Sprain: injury involving only ligaments

Strain: stretching or tearing of muscle fiber

Back’s protective mechanism is to go into spasm in response to injury

17
Q

What is the cause and effect of congenital torticollis?

A

A tumor develops in SCM before birth causing neck to be twisted my contracted cervical muscles

OR

Infant’s head is pulled excessively during childbirth and SCM is damaged

18
Q

What is cervical dystonia?

A

Aka spasmodic torticollis which is adult onset

19
Q

What are the injection sites of anesthesia for a cervical plexus block?

A

Nerve point of neck

20
Q

What happens when the phrenic nerve is severed?

A

The diaphragm is paralyzed

21
Q

What vein is used for a central line placement?

A

Subclavian vein

22
Q

What vein is considered an “internal barometer”?

A

External jugular vein