BLUE BOX

Question 1

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 1

Hypoventilation leads to an increase in CO2 in the blood, shifting bicarb buffer system rxn to left an increasing H+, decreasing pH

Question 2

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 2

Hyperventilation leads to decrease in CO2 and shifts bicarb buffer rxn to the right, causing a decrease in H+ and an increase in pH

Question 3

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 3

Losing HCO3- in the kidneys (vomiting, diarrhea)

Question 4

Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 4

Adding strong base to bicarb buffer system (EX: Drinking MOM)

Question 5

Chelating Agents

Answer 5

Inhibit metal cofactors; EX: Treating lead poisoning with Ca-EDTA; converts to PB-EDTA (can be excreted)

Question 6

Myocardial infarction

Answer 6

Elevated enzymatic activity in troponin, CK, AST and LDH (TEST FOR TROPONIN-MORE SPECIFIC)

Question 7

Niemann Pick

Answer 7

Deficiency in alpha sphingomyelinase; buildup of sphingomyelin; hepatosplenomegaly; CHERRY RED DOT IN EYE

Question 8

Hemotolytic Disease of Newborn

Answer 8

RH+ express Rh antibodies; if fetus is rh- and mom is rh+, mom will send antibodies to fetal RBCs [Erythroblastosis Fetalis]

Question 9

Spur Cell Anemia

Answer 9

Elevated cholesterol in membrane; decreases fluidity; RBCs lyse when passing thru small capillaries (spleen)

Question 10

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 10

Mutation in CTFR gene, chloride buildup in airway epithelial cells (thicker mucous); Salty sweat (Cl-) exits sweat glands

Question 11

Cystinuria

Answer 11

Defect in transport of AAs like cystine, arginine, lysine; Renal colic and cystine crystals in urine

Question 12

Hartnup Disease

Answer 12

Defect in transporter for non-polar/neutral AAs; Pallegra like dermatosis, lack of muscle coordination

Question 13

Cardiotonic Drugs

Answer 13

Inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase; Slowing of NCX (leads to increased intracellular calcium and stronger contraction of heart muscle)

Question 14

Steatorrhea

Answer 14

Fat in stool; could be result of malfunctioning SI, blockage of bile duct, insufficient bile secretion

Question 15

Chron’s Disease

Answer 15

Segmented parts of diseased intestines (commonly the distal ileum); Abd pain, diarrhea, skin lesions, flatulence

Question 16

Thiamine (B1)

Answer 16

Deficiency from alcoholism; Wernickes and Korsakoff, beriberi (wet-cardiac failure, peripheral edema) and dry (muscle wasting, paralysis)

Question 17

Riboflavin (B2)

Answer 17

Deficiency from poor dietary intake (Dairy); Magenta tongue, corneal neovascularization

Question 18

Niacin (B3)

Answer 18

HARTNUP; Impaired AA absorption; 4 Ds [ dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death]

Question 19

Pantothenic Acid

Answer 19

B5; deficiency from extreme starvation

Question 20

Pyridoxine (B6)

Answer 20

Deficient in isoiazid therapy; sideroblastic anemia, convulsions, intertrigo

Question 21

Biotin (B7)

Answer 21

Carboxylation enzymes (important); deficiency from consuming too many raw eggs ; get alopecia

Question 22

Folic Acid (B9)

Answer 22

Important in methylation/transfer rxns; Deficient in pregnancy and spina bifida; causes anemia

Question 23

Cobalmin (B12)

Answer 23

Deficiency from pernicious anemia, pancreatitis; megoblastic anemia, neuropathies, homocysteinemia

Question 24

Ascorbate (C)

Answer 24

Important in collagen + dopamine synthesis; deficient when you don’t eat enough cuties or veggies; SCURVY (Pirates life); poor wound healing, easy bruising, increased bleeding

Question 25

Vitamin A

Answer 25

Important in vision and epithelial maintenance; deficiency from malnutrition and fat malabsorption (don’t eat baby polar bears you asshole)

Question 26

Vitamin D (calcitriol, Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol)

Answer 26

In kidneys; reabsorbs calcium and secretes phosphate, also important in bone and GI tract; deficiencies (rickets): delayed growth, pain in spine, pelvis, legs, muscle weakness, bowed legs, breastbone projection

Question 27

Hemolytic anemias: which enzyme is commonly affected?

Answer 27

PK (pyruvate kinase)

Question 28

Deficiency in PK1 Enzyme

Answer 28

Tauri Disease (Disease of Glycolysis)