BLUE BOX Flashcards
Knowing diseases and their mechanisms
Respiratory Acidosis
Hypoventilation leads to an increase in CO2 in the blood, shifting bicarb buffer system rxn to left an increasing H+, decreasing pH
Respiratory Alkalosis
Hyperventilation leads to decrease in CO2 and shifts bicarb buffer rxn to the right, causing a decrease in H+ and an increase in pH
Metabolic Acidosis
Losing HCO3- in the kidneys (vomiting, diarrhea)
Metabolic Alkalosis
Adding strong base to bicarb buffer system (EX: Drinking MOM)
Chelating Agents
Inhibit metal cofactors; EX: Treating lead poisoning with Ca-EDTA; converts to PB-EDTA (can be excreted)
Myocardial infarction
Elevated enzymatic activity in troponin, CK, AST and LDH (TEST FOR TROPONIN-MORE SPECIFIC)
Niemann Pick
Deficiency in alpha sphingomyelinase; buildup of sphingomyelin; hepatosplenomegaly; CHERRY RED DOT IN EYE
Hemotolytic Disease of Newborn
RH+ express Rh antibodies; if fetus is rh- and mom is rh+, mom will send antibodies to fetal RBCs [Erythroblastosis Fetalis]
Spur Cell Anemia
Elevated cholesterol in membrane; decreases fluidity; RBCs lyse when passing thru small capillaries (spleen)
Cystic Fibrosis
Mutation in CTFR gene, chloride buildup in airway epithelial cells (thicker mucous); Salty sweat (Cl-) exits sweat glands
Cystinuria
Defect in transport of AAs like cystine, arginine, lysine; Renal colic and cystine crystals in urine
Hartnup Disease
Defect in transporter for non-polar/neutral AAs; Pallegra like dermatosis, lack of muscle coordination
Cardiotonic Drugs
Inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase; Slowing of NCX (leads to increased intracellular calcium and stronger contraction of heart muscle)
Steatorrhea
Fat in stool; could be result of malfunctioning SI, blockage of bile duct, insufficient bile secretion
Chron’s Disease
Segmented parts of diseased intestines (commonly the distal ileum); Abd pain, diarrhea, skin lesions, flatulence
Thiamine (B1)
Deficiency from alcoholism; Wernickes and Korsakoff, beriberi (wet-cardiac failure, peripheral edema) and dry (muscle wasting, paralysis)
Riboflavin (B2)
Deficiency from poor dietary intake (Dairy); Magenta tongue, corneal neovascularization
Niacin (B3)
HARTNUP; Impaired AA absorption; 4 Ds [ dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death]
Pantothenic Acid
B5; deficiency from extreme starvation
Pyridoxine (B6)
Deficient in isoiazid therapy; sideroblastic anemia, convulsions, intertrigo
Biotin (B7)
Carboxylation enzymes (important); deficiency from consuming too many raw eggs ; get alopecia
Folic Acid (B9)
Important in methylation/transfer rxns; Deficient in pregnancy and spina bifida; causes anemia
Cobalmin (B12)
Deficiency from pernicious anemia, pancreatitis; megoblastic anemia, neuropathies, homocysteinemia
Ascorbate (C)
Important in collagen + dopamine synthesis; deficient when you don’t eat enough cuties or veggies; SCURVY (Pirates life); poor wound healing, easy bruising, increased bleeding
Vitamin A
Important in vision and epithelial maintenance; deficiency from malnutrition and fat malabsorption (don’t eat baby polar bears you asshole)
Vitamin D (calcitriol, Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol)
In kidneys; reabsorbs calcium and secretes phosphate, also important in bone and GI tract; deficiencies (rickets): delayed growth, pain in spine, pelvis, legs, muscle weakness, bowed legs, breastbone projection
Hemolytic anemias: which enzyme is commonly affected?
PK (pyruvate kinase)
Deficiency in PK1 Enzyme
Tauri Disease (Disease of Glycolysis)
