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Bloodborne Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What are bloodborne pathogens?

A

microorganisms found in human blood, examples include:

hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV

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2
Q

How is HBV transmitted?

A

needles, sex, body fluid contact

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3
Q

Which HBV marker indicates an active infection?

A

HBsAg

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4
Q

What does IgG against HBs mean?

A

clears the virus

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5
Q

What does IgG against HBc mean?

A

infected with HBV

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6
Q

What does IgG against all HBV markers mean?

A

full recovery

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7
Q

What are the Hepatitis B markers?

A

HBsAg, Anti-HBc, Anti-HBs, Anti-HBe, HBeAg

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8
Q

How many Americans are infected by HBV a year?

A

12 million Americans (1 in 20)

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9
Q

How infectious is HBV?

A

very, 10% of infected people become infectious for life (active carriers)

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of HBV? What are the fractions (no symptoms, flu-like, severe)
What may HBV lead to? (think what is HEPATITIS)

A

jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea

-1/3 no symptoms, 1/3 flu-like, 1/3 severe

liver cancer, chronic liver disease, death

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11
Q

For how long can HBV survive in dried blood?

A

up to 1 week

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12
Q

What is a fact about Hepatitis C?

A

it is the most common bloodborne infection in the US, it affects 4x more people than HIV

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13
Q

How long is HCV asymptomatic?

A

10-20 years

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14
Q

What percent of people that had HCV are carriers (infectious for life)?

A

90%

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15
Q

Is there a vaccine for HCV?

A

No

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16
Q

How is HCV transmitted?

A

IV drug use
unsafe medical procedures
-unsterile instruments
-reused needles
-needle sticks or cuts

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17
Q

What is the treatment success with HCV?

A

45% (HCV1) to 75% (HCV2/3)

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18
Q

What is the number 1 cause of liver transplant in the US?

A

HCV

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19
Q

When is the HIV risk the highest?

A

with needle stick or mucus membrane contact
-100X less than risk of HBV infection via needlestick

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20
Q

How many people are currently living with HIV?

A

> 1.1 million (outdated info)

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21
Q

What are some other examples of bloodborne pathogens?
(another type of hepatitis, a mosquito disease, prion brain disease)

A

HDV, syphilis, malaria, relapsing fever, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

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22
Q

What are some other things to be exposed to?
(human stuff, animal stuff)

A

human blood fluids, unfixed tissue/human organs, cultures, experimental animal blood/tissues/organs infected with HIV or HBV

23
Q

What are the four ways for bloodborne pathogens to be spread?

A

direct contact, indirect contact, respiratory transmission, vector-borne transmission

24
Q

How does exposure occur?

A

needlesticks, cuts from other contaminated sharps, contact of mucous or broken skin with contaminated blood or OPIM (OTHER POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS MATERIALS)

25
Q

What are occupations at risk?

A

first responders, housekeeping personnel, nurses

26
Q

What are occupations at risk?

A

first responders, housekeeping personnel, nurses/doctors

27
Q

The CDC estimates that ___ million workers are at risk for bloodborne infections?

A

5.6

28
Q

What are the three required elements of an Exposure Control Plan (ECP)?

A

exposure determination, schedule and method of implementation, procedure for evaluation of exposure incidents

29
Q

How often should one review and update an ECP?

A

Annually, or when new tasks/procedures are introduced

30
Q

What are three work practice controls? (use safer, use ___ containers, use _____ hygiene)

A

use safer medical devices, use sharps disposal containers, use hand hygiene

31
Q

What are some examples of PPE?

A

gloves, masks, aprons/smocks, face shields, mouthpieces, CPR pocket masks

32
Q

What are the responsibilities of the employer?
PERFORM ___
IDENTIFY AND PROVIDE ___
TRAIN ___
MAINTAIN __
REVIEW ___

A

perform hazard assessment, identify and provide appropriate PPE, train employees, maintain PPE, review PPE program

33
Q

How do you control exposures?

A

select good, safe PPE
do required PPE training (when PPE is necessary, what kind is necessary, how to properly use it, how to care for it)

34
Q

Do you pick up broken glass with your hands?

A

No. Mechanical means (tongs)

35
Q

How to hand wash?

A

wash hands immediately after removing PPE, even if not visibly contaminated - 20-30 seconds
-use a soft antibacterial soap
-a hand sanitizer can be used, but wash with soap and water as soon as possible afterward
-wet hands with warm, running water, apply soap, lather well
-rub hands vigorously for 20-30 seconds
-scrub backs of hands, wrists, between fingers and under fingernails
-rinse well, dry hands with a disposable towel
-use the towel to turn off faucet

36
Q

How do you do proper clean-up and contamination?

what solution do you use? how long do you leave the solution on the surface?

A

-clean surfaces with 10% bleach solutions or other EPA-approved disinfectant
-do an initial wipe up
-spray with disinfectant and allow it to stand for 10 minutes, then wipe up
-dispose of all wipes and use PPE in biohazard containers

37
Q

How do you dispose regulated waste?

A

in closable, leak-proof red or biohazard labelled bags

38
Q

Who should a hepatitis B vaccine be given to?

offered to ___
provided at no cost (within ___ days)
____ form

A

offered to all potentially exposed employees, provided at no cost to employees (within 10 days of exposure), declination form

39
Q

Are there vaccinations for hepatitis C or HIV?

A

No.

40
Q

What are three immediate actions to be undertaken after an exposure incident and in what order?
(WASH ___, CONTACT ___ AND COMPLETE ____ , TREAT ALL ____)

A

wash exposed area with soap and water, flush splashes of water to skin/nose/mouth, irrigate eyes with water and saline

CONTACT EMPLOYER, COMPLETE ACCIDENT REPORT

TREAT ALL FLUIDS/BLOOD AS POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS

41
Q

What is the #1 mode of transmission of bloodborne pathogens?

A

accidental needlestick

42
Q

What is estimated survival on a surface of HBV, HCV, HIV?

A

HBV: 7 days
HCV: 16 hours - 4 days
HIV: few hours

43
Q

What is the risk of picking up bloodborne pathogens from a surface?

A

low risk if standard precautions are practiced

44
Q

What is the risk of infection after a positive needlestick?

A

HBV - 30% if unvaccinated
HCV - 2%
HIV - 0.3%

45
Q

What must sharps disposal containers be?

A

closable, puncture resistant, leakproof, labelled

46
Q

Should you ever use 2 hands to recap a needle?

A

no

47
Q

What do signs and labels do?

communicate ___
place regulated waste in containers with a _____

A

labels communicate a hazard

place regulated waste in containers that have universal biohazard symbol

48
Q

What happens in an exposure incident?

contact with _____

wash ____
report ____
____ are offered

A

an incident of contact with potentially infectious bodily fluid

–must have infiltration of skin surface, mucous membranes or open skin break to be considered an occupational exposure

-wash contact area thoroughly
-report all accidents involving blood or bodily fluids
-post-exposure medical evaluations are offered

49
Q

What happens after exposure incident?

medical ___
document ____
identify ____ and test ___
provide results to _____

A

medical evaluation, document the route of exposure, identify the source individual and test their blood, provide results to exposed employee

50
Q

Is the hepatitis B good?

A

YES!!!!

strongly endorsed by medical communities
offered to all at risk employees
provided at no cost to employees

51
Q

How do you protect yourself?

A

review ECP AND OSHA regulations,
take standard precautions & PPE,
no eating/drinking,
get the HBV contamination

52
Q

Is an uncapped syringe sharps exposure?

A

Yes

53
Q

What is the universal precautions method?

A

a method of infection control where all OPIM are handled if they are known to be infectious

54
Q

What programs can employers misuse against workers in retaliation for reporting injuries?

A

disciplinary programs, drug-testing, incentive programs

oh (9 decks)

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