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anatomy exam 1 > blood vessels and blood > Flashcards

blood vessels and blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most powerful factor for blood vessels in relation to blood velocity

it is the only significant way of controlling ______

A

resistance

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2
Q

what is it called when blood flows in layers and is faster in the center

A

laminar flow

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3
Q

what are changes in vessel radius (vasoreflexes)

A

peripheral resistance

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4
Q

what tunica contracts for vasoconstriction

A

media

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5
Q

vasodilation is brought about by muscular _____

A

passivity

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6
Q

what is vasomotor controlled by in the brain

A

Medulla oblongata

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7
Q

reasons for blood velocity to decrease as it goes from aorta to capillaries:

as blood travels, it encounters ______ against vessel walls

smaller ___ for arterioles and capillaries

further from the ____ cross sectional area becomes _____

A

friction

radii

heart, greater

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8
Q

from capillaries to vena cava, velocity ____ again

since veins are larger, they create less ____ than capillaries

A

increases

resistance

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9
Q

what are the most significant point of control over the peripheral flow

A

arterioles

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10
Q

arterials are on the ___ side of capillary beds and best positions to regulate flow into the capillaries

A

proximal

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11
Q

what outnumber any other type of artery, providing the most numerous control points

A

arterioles

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12
Q

arterioles are more ____ in proportion to their diameter

they produce ___ of the total peripheral resistance

A

muscular

half

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13
Q

autoregulation is part of ____ control

what does auto regulation mean

metabolic theory of autoregulation: if a tissue is inadequately perfused, ___ accumulates stimulating ____ which increases perfusion

A

local

ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supply

wastes, vasodilation

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14
Q

autoregulation: bloodstream delivers oxygen and removes metabolites

when wastes are removed, vessels ____

A

constrict

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15
Q

what type of control are vasoactive chemicals?

they are substances secreted by ____, ____ cells and ____ tissue to stimulate vasomotor

A

chemical

platelets

endothelial

perivascular

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16
Q

what type of control is shear stress

its the drag of blood against ____ cells

it stimulates those cells to secrete vaso_____

however, ____ chemicals are released in response to blood vessel trauma

A

local

endothelial

dilators

contracting

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17
Q

what type of control is reactive hyperemia

it means that when blood suppled is cut off then restored, flow _____

A

local

increases

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18
Q

what is the growth of new blood vessels called

it occurs in regrowth of uterine ____, around ____ artery obstructions, in _____ muscle, and malignant _____

the result tin increased ____

A

angiogenesis

lining
coronary
exercised
tumors

profusion

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19
Q

what sympathetic control over blood vessels throughout the body

A

vasomotor center of the medulla

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20
Q

the vasomotor center of the medulla stimulates vessels to constrict, but dilates vessels in the _____ ____ to meet demands of excerise

A

cardiac muscle

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21
Q

vasomotor center is the integrating center for three autonomic reflexes:

_____- in the carotid sinus
_____- in the carotid and aortic bodies
______ ischemic reflex

A

baroreflexes
chemoreflexes
medullary

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22
Q

what is the autonomic negative feedback response to change in blood pressure

what type of control does this fall under

it governs ___-term regulation of BP such as: adjustments for rapid changes in ____, not helpful in correcting chronic ____, after __ days or less they adjust their set point

A

baroreflex

neural

short
posture
hypertension
2

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23
Q

what is the primary role of chemoreflexes

what control do they fall under

they have a ____ role in vasomotion

act through vasomotor center to cause widespread _____. this increases lung _____ and increases gas exchange.

A

adjust respiration to changes in blood chemistry

neural control

secondary

vasoconstriction, perfusion

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24
Q

what is the autonomic respond to a drop in perfusion of the brain called

what control does this fall under

what monitors its own blood supply

what does ischemia mean

what raises blood pressure and restores normal perfusion to the brain

A

medullary ischemic

neural control

medulla oblongata

insufficient perfusion

vasoconstriction

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25
Q

what influences blood pressure via vasoactive effects and regulating water balance

A

hormonal control

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26
Q

the RAA pathway stands for:

it ____ BP
it is a potent _____

A

renin
angiotensin II
aldosterone

raises
vasoconstrictor

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27
Q

RAA mechanism:

blood pressure or volume is lowered

then, kidneys release ___ in response to decreased blood flow/ volume

then, _____ is released which stimulates vasoconstriction via making you ____ and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release the last “A”:

A

renin

angiotensin II

aldosterone

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28
Q

what does aldosterone help to absorb

A

H2O

Na+

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29
Q

what does atrial natriuretic peptide do

how does this do this: increasing __+- excretion by the kidneys, reduces blood ____, water follows in ___

A

vasodilation, lowers blood pressure

Na+, volume, urine

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30
Q

what is ADH produced by

what is it released by

how does it affect BP

what is the other name for this hormone

what college past time pastime can inhibit this

A

hypothalamus
anterior pituitary

raises it

vasopressin

drinking

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31
Q

what hormones produced by the adrenal cortex increase blood pressure

binds to alpha androgenic receptors on ____ muscle

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

smooth

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32
Q

vasomotion is a method of rerouting blood from one region to another for perfusion of ____ organs

A

individual

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33
Q

if a specific artery constricts, the pressure downstream ___ and the pressure upstream ____

A

drops, rises

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34
Q

for vasomotion rerouting blood, it happens:

during exercise so that ____ can get more blood and in turn, _____ and ____ get less blood

______ accumulation in a tissue affects local circulation without affecting circulation elsewhere in the body

A

muscles, digestive and urinary

metabolite

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35
Q

for vasomotion:

resting SLUDD:

excercise 4 E’s:

A

salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation

exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment

36
Q

what 2 things are capillaries composed of

A

endothelium

basal lamina

37
Q

the most important blood in the body is in the _____

A

capillaries

38
Q

things that are transported via capillaries:
w
o
g
aa
l
m
a
h
w
cd
a

A

water
oxygen
glucose
amino acids
lipids
minerals
antibodies
hormones
wastes
carbon dioxide
ammonia

39
Q

what is the most important for of capillary exchange

what 3 things does it transport

A

diffusion

oxygen, CO2, and glucose

40
Q

what is the type of capillary exchange that transports hormones and is a minor mechanism

A

transytosis

41
Q

what type of capillary exchange is it when fluid filters our of arterial end of capillary and orcmiticle reenters venous end and delivers materials to the cell and removes metabolic waste

this is also called:

A

filtration and reabsorbing

bulk flow

42
Q

what is the net filtration or reabsorbtion pressure for:

arterial end
venous end

A

13 out
7 in

43
Q

youre not going to draw reabsorption from the capillaries if your liver is in failure and you cannot produce plasma proteins

the blood would be ______

A

okay.

dilute

44
Q

capillary filtration occurs at the ____ end
capillary reabsorption occurs at the ____ end

A

arterial
venous

45
Q

glomeruli of kidneys are devoted to _____

A

filtration

46
Q

what are alveolar capillaries in the lungs devoted to

A

absortion

47
Q

activity or trauma _____ filtration

A

increases

48
Q

what is the most important force in venous return

this is due to ____ draining blood from the head and neck

contracting limb muscles _____ blood

____ keep blood moving toward the heart

A

gravity

squeeze

valves

49
Q

what pump works by inhalation expanding the thoracic cavity

blood flows ____ with this pressure

A

thoracic/ respiratory

faster

50
Q

what are the 3 functions of blood

A

transport, protection, regulation

51
Q

in regards to blood protecting you:

it protects against inflammation, limits the spread of ___, neutralizes ____, and initiates ____

A

infection
toxins
clotting

52
Q

in regards to regulation, blood regulates:

_____ balance, stabilizes pH of ____, _____ control

A

fluid
ECF
temp

53
Q

how many L of blood do adults have

what type of tissue is blood

what two things is it consisting of

A

4-6

connective

plasma and formed elements

54
Q

what 3 things make up formed elements of blood

A

RBC, WBC, platelets

55
Q

what are erythrocytes

what are leukocytes

what are fragments of certain bone marrow cells

A

RBC

WBC

platelets

56
Q

what are

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

A

granulocytes

57
Q

what are lymphocytes and monocytes

A

arganuloytes

58
Q

what are the heaviest components of blood that settle first

what is their total volume

this is also called the _____ (packed _BC volume)

A

RBC

37-52%

democrat

59
Q

what % do white blood cells and platelets make up

this is also called the ____ ____

A

1%

Buffy coat

60
Q

what % does plasma make up in the blood

its a complex mixture of w,p,n,e,nw,h,g

A

47-63%

water
proteins
nutrients
electrolytes
nitrogenous wastes
hormones
hasses

61
Q

IN PLASMA: what is the remaining blood fluid when blood clots and solids are removed

it is identical to plasma except for the absence of ____

A

serum

fibrinogen

62
Q

what are the 3 plasma proteins (a,g,f)

what are these proteins made by

what is the exception to ^, which is produced by plasma cells

A

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

liver

globulins

63
Q

what is the other word for globulins

A

antibodies

64
Q

IN PLASMA: what are free amino acids from dietary protein or tissue breakdown

/

urea products from catabolism that re usually removed by the kidneys

A

nitrogenous compounds

65
Q

what are general nutrients found in blood plasma

g
v
f
ch
ph
m

what are they dissolved by

A

glucose
vitamins
fats
cholesterol
phospholipids
minerals

O2, CO2, and nitrogen

66
Q

what electrolyte makes up 90% of plasma cations

A

Na

67
Q

cohesion of particles in blood causes _____

A

viscosity

68
Q

if blood osmolity is too:

high, blood ____ water and this ____ BP
low, BP ____ due to ____ water and edema occurs

A

absorbs, increases

drops, excess

69
Q

whole blood is __-___ x as viscous as water, and plasma is __x as viscous as water

A

4.5-5.5

2

70
Q

daily adult production:

___ billion platelets
___-___ billion RBCs
__ billion WBCs

A

400
100-200
10

71
Q

what produces stem cells for first blood cells

these colonize fetal b____ m____, l_____, s_____, and th_____

A

yolk sac

bone marrow
liver
spleen
thymus

72
Q

what stops producing blood cells at first

spleen remains involved with _____ production

A

liver

lymphocyte

73
Q

multipotent stem cells are found in ___ ___ and give rise to all formed elements

A

bone marrow

74
Q

what is another name for pluripotent stem cells (2)

A

hemocytoblasts
hematopoietic

75
Q

blood stem cells multiply in order to maintain ____ in bone marrow, form ___-forming units

these units are more ____ and each one produces one class of _____ ____

A

population
colony forming units (CFUs)

specialized
formed elements

76
Q

if it has the root “lymph”, it was made by a common _____ progenitor

what is made by one of the products

A

lymphoid

plasma cells

77
Q

what produces the “Phils” and monocytes:

what do monocytes produce

A

myeloblast

macrophage

78
Q

what produces thrombocytes

A

megakaryocytes

79
Q

RBCs carry ____ and barely carry ____

A

oxygen

Co2

80
Q

what shape are red blood cells

they LACK

mitochondria, so they produce ATP via _____ ____

nucleus and DNA, so they dont do ____ synthesis or _____

A

anaerobic fermentation

protein, mitosis

81
Q

33% of RBCs cytoplasm is ______
there are ___ million of these molecules in one RBS

is facilitates ___ delivery and enchances ___ transport

A

hemoglobin
280

oxygen
co2

82
Q

what produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water and plays an important role in gas transport and pH balance

A

canonic anhydrase

83
Q

how many globes are in hemoglobin (_ alpha and _ beta (or ____ in fetuses))

each heme group in a ____ ___ for oxygen

what is a heme group?

what ion binds at the center

A

2, 2 (gamma)

binding site

non protein moiety

iron

84
Q

do fetuses have a higher affinity for O2

A

yes

85
Q

do men or women have higher hematocrit and why (2 reasons)

A

men

androgens stimulate RBC production
menstruation

86
Q

what 2 organs sense hypoxemia and correct it via secretion of erythropoietin which stimulates erythropoiesis

A

liver and kidneys

87
Q
A

anatomy exam 1 (6 decks)

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