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A&P > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of blood vessel walls where endothelium lines lumen of all vessels, slick surface reduces friction

A

Tunica intima

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2
Q

Structure of blood vessel wall having smooth muscle and sheets of elastin

A

Tunica media

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3
Q

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the vessels influence blood flow in blood pressure by control of

A

Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers

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4
Q

Structure of blood vessel walls where collagen fibers protect and reinforce anchor to surrounding structures, contains nerve fibers and lymphatic vessels

A

Tunica externa

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5
Q

3 vessels that make up the arterial system

A

Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles

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6
Q

Large thick walled arteries with elastin in all three tunics

A

Elastic arteries

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7
Q

Elastic arteries with a large lumen offering low resistance

A

Conducting arteries

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8
Q

Arteries act as pressure reservoirs expand and recoil as blood ejected from heart smooth pressure down stream

A

Elastic arteries

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9
Q

Arteries that are distal to the elastic arteries, deliver blood to specific body organs, thick Tunica media with more smooth muscle (vasoconstriction)

A

Muscular arteries

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10
Q

Smallest arteries, Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction

A

Arterioles

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11
Q

Microscopic blood vessels, walls composed of thin Tunica intima only

A

Capillaries

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12
Q

Capillary that is least permeable and most common (skin and muscle)

A

Continuous capillary

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13
Q

Capillary with large fenestrations (pores) increased permeability occurs and areas of active absorption or filtration (kidney small intestine)

A

Fenestrated capillary

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14
Q

Capillary that is permeable occurs in special locations (liver spleen bone marrow)

A

Sinusoid capillary

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15
Q

Interwoven networks of capillaries that control flow of blood between arterioles and venules

A

Capillary beds via microcirculation

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16
Q

What is the flow of microcirculation

A

Terminal arteriole
Metarteriole
Thoroughfare channel
Post capillary venule

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17
Q

Type of blood vessel that directly connects terminal arteriole and post capillary venule

A

Vascular shunt

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18
Q

Type of blood vessel that branch off metarterioles or terminal arteriole

A

True capillaries

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19
Q

Blood flow regulated by

A

Precapillary sphincters

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20
Q

Blood vessels that are formed when capillary bed unite, very porous consist of endothelium and pericytes

A

Venules

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21
Q

Blood vessels that are formed when venules converge, have thinner walls

A

Veins

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22
Q

Vessel where blood pressure is lower than arteries, capacitance vessels

A

Veins

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23
Q

Where is the most blood volume throughout the cardiovascular system

A

Systemic veins and venules

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24
Q

2 adaptations that ensure return of blood to heart despite blood pressure

A

Venous valves

Venous sinuses

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25
Q

Folds of the Tunica intima resemble the semi lunar valve of the heart

A

Venous valves

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26
Q

Highly specialized flatten veins with extremely thin walls composed only of endothelium

A

Venous sinuses

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27
Q

Blood vessels form special Innerconnections called

A

Vascular anastomoses

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28
Q

Occurring around joints were active movement may hinder blood flow through one channel also in common in abdominal organs

A

Arterial anastomoses

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29
Q

Alternative pathway for blood to reach a given body region

A

Collateral channels

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30
Q

Volume of blood flowing through vessel organ or entire circulation in given period , equivalent to cardiac output for entire vascular system

A

Blood flow (ml/min)

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31
Q

Force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood

A

Blood pressure mmHg

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32
Q

Measure of amount of friction blood encounters with vessel walls generally and peripheral systemic circulation

A

Resistance

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33
Q

Three important sources of resistance

A

Blood viscosity
Blood vessel length
Blood vessel diameter

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34
Q

Blood flow is directly proportional to

A

Blood pressure gradient

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35
Q

Blood inversely proportional to

A

Resistance

36
Q

Arterial blood pressure reflects two factors

A
  1. Elasticity (compliance)

2. Volume of blood force into them at any time

37
Q

Pressure peak generated by ventricular contraction

A

Systolic pressure

38
Q

When aortic pressure drops to its lowest level

A

Diastolic pressure

39
Q

Difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

A

Pulse pressure

40
Q

Pressure that propels blood to tissues

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

41
Q

Why is low capillary pressure desirable

A

High BP would rupture fragile thin walled capillaries

Low pressure forces filtrate into interstitial space

42
Q

Low pressure and venous blood pressure due to

A

Cumulative effects of peripheral resistance

43
Q

MAP equation

A

Diastolic P + pulse P/3

44
Q

What are three factors aiding in venous return (exercise increases all 3)

A

muscular pump
Respiratory pump
Sympathetic venoconstriction

45
Q

How does sympathetic venoconstruction work

A

As the layer of smooth muscle on the veins constricts under sympathetic control venous volume is reduced & blood is push toward the heart

46
Q

What are three main factors influencing blood pressure

A

Cardiac output
Peripheral resistance
Blood volume

47
Q

Regulation by the nervous system and blood-borne hormones alters pressure by changing resistance in cardiac output

A

Short term

48
Q

Regulation alters blood volume view of the kidneys

A

Long term

49
Q

Clusters of sympathetic neurons in medulla oversees changes in CO and blood vessel diameter
What does it consist of

A

Cardiovascular center
Cardiac centers
Vasomotor center

50
Q

Cardioacceleratory center and cardioinhibitory center

A

Cardiac centers

51
Q

Send steady impulses via sympathetic efferents to blood vessels

A

Vasomotor center

52
Q

Short term neural controls via cardiovascular center alter both 1 and 2 through 3.

A
  1. Cardiac output
  2. Peripheral resistance
  3. Reflex arcs
53
Q

What are three reflex arcs

A

Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Higher brain centers

54
Q

Stretch receptors, mechanoreceptor located in the carotid sinuses & aortic arch, activated by arterial blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

55
Q

Baroreceptors inhibit the 1. and 2. and stimulating the 3. resulting in a 4.

A
  1. Vasomotor
  2. Cardiaccleratory center
  3. Cardioinhibitory center
  4. Decrease in blood pressure
56
Q

Receptors located in the aortic arch and large arteries of the neck, activated by increase in CO2 or decrease in pH transmitting impulses to the cardioacceleratory center

A

Chemoreceptors

57
Q

Activation of chemoreceptors increases 1. and 2. to the vasomotor center

A
  1. Cardiac output

2. Vasoconstriction

58
Q

Short term regulation via changes in 1.

A

Peripheral resistance

59
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

60
Q

What hormonal controls lead to an increase in blood pressure via vasoconstriction and increase in CO

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Angiotensin 2
Antidiuretic hormone

61
Q

What short term hormone controls leads to decrease in blood pressure

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

62
Q

In short term regulation, kidneys release renin One pressure or blood volume low ultimately generating 1.

A

Angiotensin 2

63
Q

Hypothalamic hormone

A

Antidiuretic hormone

64
Q

INCREASE in BP stimulates baroreceptors that send signal to cardiovascular center, it will 1. cardioacceleratory center and 2. the cardioinhibitory center ultimately decreases 3. 4. and 5.
It will 6. the vasomotor center leading to 7.

A
  1. Decrease
  2. Increase
  3. HR
  4. Contactility
  5. CO
  6. Decrease
  7. Vasodilation
65
Q

Long term regulation of blood pressure mechanism is controlled by altering blood volume via 1.

A
  1. Kidneys
66
Q

What two ways that kidney can regulate arterial blood pressure

A
  1. Direct renal mechanism

2. Indirect renal mechanism (renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism)

67
Q

Long term regulation that alters blood volume independently of hormones

A

Direct renal mechanism

68
Q

What is a hormonal control that is short term and long term

A

Angiotensin 2

69
Q

The indirect renal mechanism ultimately leads to

A
  1. Angiotensin II
70
Q

What are two functions of angiotensin II

A

Increases blood volume

Causes vasoconstriction directly increasing blood pressure

71
Q

What are 3 ways angiotensin II increase blood volume

A

Stimulates aldosterone secretion
Stimulates ADH secretion
Triggers hypothalamus thirst center

72
Q

What are the two types of short term auto regulation of blood flow

A

Metabolic controls

Myogenic controls

73
Q

Maintenance of waste

What happens when this builds up

A

Metabolic controls

Vasodilation to increase flow

74
Q

Maintenance of pressure

A

Myogenic controls

75
Q

What is a long-term auto regulation of blood flow

A

Angiogenesis

76
Q

Number of vessels to region increases and existing vessels enlarge

A

Angiogenesis

77
Q

Slow intermittent flow through capillaries is caused by

A

Vasomotion due to precapillary sphincters

78
Q

Diffusion through a membrane 1.
Movement through intercellular clefts/fenestrations 2.
Transport via vesicles 3.

A
  1. Lipid soluble
  2. Water soluble
  3. Large substances
79
Q

Direction and amount of fluid flow depends on 1. and 2.

A

hydrostatic pressure

Colloid osmotic pressure

80
Q

Determines the direction of fluid movement, compromises all forces acting on capillary bed

A

Net filtration pressure

81
Q

Fluid “pushes” out of capillary bed

In blood vessels is due to blood pressure

A

Hydrostatic P

82
Q

Pressure due to non-diffusible solute that cannot cross the boundary, “pulls” fluid into capillary
This is due to plasma proteins

A

Osmotic pressure

83
Q

NFP equation

A

(HPc+OPif) - (HPif+OPc)

84
Q

What is the most dominant cause of bulk fluid flowing out

A

HPc

85
Q

What is the dominant pressure in venous system

A

OPc

86
Q

What is considered the filtration coming out of capillaries

And what is the reabsorption

A

HPc & OPif

HPif & OPc

87
Q

What is the excess fluid going in to the lymphatic capillaries

A

HPif

A&P (5 decks)

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