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A&P > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood made of

A

Plasma and formed elements

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2
Q

What makes up the formed elements

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

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3
Q

What are the three functions of blood

A

Distribution
Regulation
Protection

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4
Q

What are the three dynamics of distribution in blood

A

Delivering oxygen and nutrients
Transport metabolic waste
Transport of hormones

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5
Q

What are the three important factors for regulation of blood

A

Maintain appropriate body temperature
Maintain normal pH
Maintain adequate fluid volume

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6
Q

What are the two driving dynamics for protection of blood

A

Preventing blood loss

Preventing infection

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7
Q

What are the components of blood plasma

A

90% water

Solutes

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8
Q

What makes up the solutes in blood plasma

A

Electrolytes

Plasma proteins

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9
Q

What type of plasma proteins are found in blood plasma and what are the functions

A

Albumin- buffer
Globulin- antibodies
Fibrinogen- mesh for clotting

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10
Q

Which cells play a crucial role in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

A

Erythrocytes

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11
Q

Oxygen saturation point in the blood, used if theres respiratory dysfunction

A

Pulse oximetry

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12
Q

What are three characteristics that support the function for transport of respiratory gas in erythrocytes

A

Small size and concave shape
High hemoglobin content
No mitochondria and anucleate

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13
Q

Composed of four polypeptide chains

A

Globin

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14
Q

Pigment bonded to each globin chain, gives blood red color

A

Heme

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15
Q

How many oxygens bind to hemes central atom

A

1

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16
Q

How many oxygens can a hemoglobin molecule transport

A

4

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17
Q

Name for oxygen loading in lungs, Ruby red

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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18
Q

Name for oxygen unloading in tissues dark red

A

Deooxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin d

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19
Q

CO2 loading in tissues, 20% of CO2 in blood binds to Hb

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

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20
Q

Production of blood cells

A

Hematopoiesis

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21
Q

Where does blood cell formation occur

A

Red bone marrow

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22
Q

Where do all blood cells arise from

A

Hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)

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23
Q

Red blood cell production

A

Erythropoiesis

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24
Q

What influences myeloid stem cells to transform into an erythrocyte

A

Hormones and growth factors

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25
Q

Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on 1 and 2
Examples of each

A
  1. Hormonal controls
    Erythropoietin (EPO)
  2. Dietary requirements
    Iron nutrients and structural materials B vitamins
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26
Q

Too few red blood cells lead to tissue 1

A

1 hypoxia

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27
Q

Too many red blood cells lead to 1.

A
  1. Increase in viscosity
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28
Q

Glycoprotein hormone produced in the kidneys, stimulates formation of erythrocytes

A

Erythropoietin

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29
Q

Mechanism that tells how much erythropoietin to make

Accumulates in the kidneys

A

HIF hypoxia inducible factor

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30
Q

What happens if HIF is destroyed

A

No erythropoietin production

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31
Q

Breaks down HIF, and what happens if this is not present

A

Oxygen dependent enzymes

Stimulates HIF

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32
Q

What are the three hormonal factors that cause an increase in EPO prod due to hypoxia

A

Decreased RBC numbers
Insufficient hemoglobin per rbc
Reduced availability of O2

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33
Q

What are some dietary requirements for erythropoiesis

A

Nutrients and structural material
Iron
B complex

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34
Q

Necessary for hemoglobin synthesis

A

Iron

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35
Q

Necessary for DNA synthesis for rapidly dividing cells

A

B complex (B12 and folic acid)

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36
Q

When RBCs get old they get engulfed by macrophages of which organs

A

Spleen
Liver
Bone marrow

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37
Q

The heme is broken down into 1. and 2. And gets transported to the 3.

A

Heme and Bilirubin

Liver

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38
Q

Bilirubin is secreted into the 1. in a form of 2.

A

Intestine

Bile

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39
Q

Erythrocyte disorder where bloods oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support a normal metabolism

A

Anemia

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40
Q

Erythrocyte disorder where there is an abnormal excess of erythrocytes and increase blood viscosity

A

Polycythemia

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41
Q

3 causes for anemia

A

Blood loss
Low RBC prod
High RBC destruction

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42
Q

2 blood loss types that cause anemia

A

Acute hemorrhagic anemia

Chronic hemorrhagic anemia

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43
Q

Rapid blood loss in a short period of time need a blood replacement

A

Acute hemorrhagic anemia

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44
Q

Slight but persistent blood loss (ulcer)

A

Chronic hemorrhagic anemia

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45
Q

4 different anemias caused by low RBC production

A

Iron deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Renal anemia
Aplastic anemia

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46
Q

An anemia thats is caused by hemorrhagic anemia, no iron intake or impaired absorption

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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47
Q

An anemia that is caused by an auto immune disease that destroys stomach mucosa, lack an **intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B necessary for cells to divide

A

Pernicious anemia

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48
Q

An anemia that is caused by lack of EPO

A

Renal anemia

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49
Q

An an anemia that is caused by destruction or inhibition of red marrow buy drugs and chemicals radiation viruses

A

Aplastic anemia

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50
Q

An anemia caused by high RBC destruction, examples

A

Hemolytic anemias
Thalassemias
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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51
Q

Absent or faulty globin chain

A

Thalassemias

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52
Q

RBCs crescent shaped when unload O2 or blood O2 is low

RBC rupture easy

A

Sickle cell anemia

53
Q

Type of polycythemia that is from bone marrow cancer

A

Polycythemia vera

54
Q

A polycythemia caused at high altitude’s (less O2 available) or when EPO production increases

A

Secondary polycythemia

55
Q

Artificially induced polycythemia, athletes increase red blood cell count to gain 02 carrying capacity

A

Blood doping

56
Q

Leukocytes can leave capillaries via

A

Diapedesis

57
Q

Move through tissue spaces by amoeboid motion and positive chemotaxis towards areas of tissue damage and infection

A

Diapedesis

58
Q

Increase production of white blood cells, normal response to infection

A

Leukocytosis

59
Q

Abnormally low white blood cell count

A

Leukopenia

60
Q

2 chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature white blood cells that stimulates leukopoiesis

A

Interleukins

Colony-stimulating factors

61
Q

All leukocytes originate from 1.

A

Hemocytoblasts

62
Q

A WBC that is larger and shorter lived than RBC

Cytoplasmic granules stain with wrights stain

A

Granulocytes

63
Q

WBC contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins

Effecient phagocytic cells

A

Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

64
Q

WBC with red staining lysosome like cytoplasmic granules
Release enzymes to digest parasitic worms
Role in allergies & asthma

A

Eosinophils

65
Q

WBC with large purplish black cytoplasmic granules containing histamine

A

Basophils

66
Q

Inflammatory chemical that acts to vasodilate to attract WBC to inflammed sites

A

Histamine

67
Q

WBC mostly in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen) few circulate in the blood

A

Lymphocyte

68
Q

A lymphocyte that generally acts against virus-infected cells and tumor cells

A

T lymphocytes

69
Q

Lymphocytes that give rise to plasma cells, which produce anti-bodies

A

B cells

70
Q

Lymphocyte leave circulation enters tissues and differentiate into macrophages

A

Monocytes

71
Q

Which cells activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response

A

Monocytes

72
Q

A leukocyte disorder that is cancerous over production of abnormal white blood cells, fill bone marrow lead to anemia

A

Leukemia

73
Q

Leukocytes disorder with excessive numbers of a typical

Agranulocytes, caused by Epstein Barr virus

A

Infectious mononucleosis

74
Q

When is a blood transfusion needed

A

Loss of more than 30% of blood

75
Q

This blood transfusion is used when blood loss is rapidly substantial

A

Whole blood transfusions

76
Q

A blood transfusion where plasma and white blood cells are removed, restores oxygen carrying capacity

A

Packed red cells

77
Q

A unique glycoprotein on RBC aka 2.

A

Antigen

Agglutinogens

78
Q

How do you classify blood cells into different groups

A

Presence or absence of each (2 antigens) A and B

79
Q

In blood these are the “preformed” anti-A or anti-B to fight against transfused RBCs with ABO antigens NOT present on receipts RBCs

A

Antibodies (agglutinins)

80
Q

Mismatched red blood cells may be 1. by 2. and destroyed

A
  1. Agglutinated

2. Antibodies

81
Q
  1. Indicates the presence of the most common D antigen
A

Rh+ 85% Americans

82
Q

A persons 1. and 2. blood groups are reported together

A
  1. ABO

2. Rh

83
Q

Unlike ABO system, anti Rh anti-bodies not preformed in 1.

A

Rh- individuals

84
Q

The immune system of an Rh - individual will produce anti Rh antibodies form if 1. And 2.

A
  1. Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood

2. Rh- mom carrying Rh+ fetus

85
Q

Rh- mother carrying Rh+ baby, the baby produces Rh agglutinins after delivery, Rh+ erythrocytes of subsequent babies are attacked by mothers Rh agglutinins

A

Hemolytic disease of new born

Erythroblastosis fetalis

86
Q

To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn, 1.serum containing artificial anti-Rh can prevent Rh- mother up from producing immune response- does not make anti Rh antibodies

A

RhoGam

87
Q

What happens when a donors cells good agglutinated by recipients antibodies

A

Clog small vessels

Cells rupture or are destroyed by leukocytes

88
Q

What are three results of transfusion reactions

A

Diminished 02 carrying capacity
Diminish blood flow beyond blocked vessels
Ruptured cells release hemoglobin into bloodstream causing kidney failure

89
Q

What can be done before a transfusion to prevent agglutination and hemolysis

A

Blood typing

90
Q

What are the functions of platelets

A

Function to stop bleeding by forming a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

91
Q

Platelets derived from ruptured cytoplasmic extensions of 1.

A
  1. Megakaryocyte
92
Q

The hormone 1. regulates formation of platelets

A

Thrombopoietin

93
Q

What are three triggers a vascular spasm

A
  1. Direct injury to vascular smooth muscle
  2. Chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets
  3. Local pain receptor reflexes
94
Q

During platelet plug formation, damage to blood vessel lining exposes 1.

A

Collagen fibers

95
Q

How do platelets stick to collagen fibers

A

Via plasma protein von Willebrand factor

96
Q

What are the 3 chemical messengers released by platelets that cause nearby platelets to become spiked and sticky (+ feedback)

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Serotonin
Thromboxane A2

97
Q

During coagulation, The platelet plug is reinforced with 1. and blood is transformed from liquid to gel

A

Fibrin threads

98
Q

What controls series of reactions in coagulation, where are they synthesized

A

Clotting factors (procoagulants)
Inactive until activated
Liver to vitamin K

99
Q

During activation of coagulation what are those clotting factors turned into

A

Enzymes

100
Q

What are the three phases in coagulation

A
  1. Prothrombin activator formed
  2. Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin
  3. Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen to fibrin
101
Q

What are the two pathways to prothrombin activator

A

Initiated by either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways

102
Q

Extrinsic pathway requires 1.

A

Tissue factor 3

103
Q

Intrinsic/extrinsic pathway cascades both lead to 1. which complexes with 2. and 3. then leads to 4.

A
  1. Factor X (10)
  2. Calcium
  3. Factor 5
  4. Prothrombin activator
104
Q

Intrinsic pathway requires 1. That occurs on 2.

A

PF3 (phospholipid aggregate platelets)

2. Activated platelet surface

105
Q

What is phase 2 of coagulation

A

Prothrombin activator catalyzes transformation of prothrombin to active enzyme thrombin

106
Q

What is phase 3 of coagulation

A

Thrombin catalyzes a transformation of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin by activating factor 13 (fibrin stabilizing factor)

107
Q

What are some long term fixes of blood loss repair

A

Clot retraction
Vessel healing
Fibrinolysis

109
Q

Stimulates cells of blood vessel wall to divide

A

Vessel healing

110
Q

During vessel healing platelets release 1. to form a connective tissue patch

A

PDGF platelet derived growth factor

111
Q

During vessel healing, endothelial cells release 1. to restore inner lining

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGF

112
Q

Removes unneeded clots after healing

A

Fibrinolysis

113
Q

Fibrin digesting enzyme used during fibrinolysis

A

Plasmin

114
Q

What are two homeostatic mechanisms that limit clot growth

A

Removal of clotting factors

Inhibition of activated clotting factors by chemical factors

115
Q

Inactivates thrombin not bound to fibrin

A

Anti-thrombin 3

116
Q

Inhibits thrombin by enhancing antithrombin 3

A

Heparin

117
Q

Undesirable clot formation

A

Thromboembolic disorders

118
Q

Both widespread clotting and bleeding at the same time

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC

119
Q

Stationary clot that develops and persist in unbroken blood vessel

A

Thrombus

120
Q

Thrombus freely floating in blood stream (form somewhere else that was broken off)

A

Embolus

121
Q

What are four drugs to prevent undesirable clotting

A

Aspirin
Heparin
Warfarin
Dabigatran

122
Q

Inhibits thromboxane A2

A

Aspirin

123
Q

Enhances antithrombin 3

Inactivates fibrin

A

Heparin

124
Q

Interferes with the action of vitamin K production of clotting factors

A

Warfarin

125
Q

Inhibits thrombin

A

Dabigatran

126
Q

Circulating platelet deficiency, red bone marrow destruction

A

Thrombocytopenia

127
Q

Genetic bleeding disorder

A

Hemophilia

128
Q

Most common type of bleeding disorder with factor 7 deficiency, minor tissue trauma causes prolonged bleeding into tissues
-via no prothrombin activator

A

Hemophilia A

129
Q

Wide spread clotting in intact blood vessels, severe bleeding occurs because residual blood unable to clot
-via transfusion

A

DIC

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

130
Q

Platelets contract drawing ruptured blood vessel edges together

A

Clot retraction

A&P (5 decks)

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