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A&P 300 > Blood vessels > Flashcards

Blood vessels Flashcards

0
Q

The left side of the heart pumps blood through an estimated _________ km of blood vessels.

A

100,000 km

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1
Q

Function of blood vessels

A

Maintain homeostasis

Adjust velocity and volume of blood

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2
Q

Hemodynamics

A

The study of the mechanics involved in circulating blood within the blood vessels of the body.

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3
Q

What are the layers of the walls of a blood vessel?

A

Tunica interna
Tunica media
Tunic external

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4
Q

Tunica interna

A

Epithelial inner lining of a blood vessel.

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5
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle layer of a blood vessel wall.
Made of smooth muscle and elastic CT.

Displays greatest variation among different vessel types.

Regulates diameter of lumen, effecting blood pressure and rate of flow.
Helps limit blood loss with injury.
Allows stretch and recoil.

Separated from tunica externa by external elastic lamina.

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6
Q

Tunica externa.

A

Outer covering of a blood vessel wall.
Connective tissue. Elastin and collagen, numerous nerves and blood vessels.

Helps anchor vessel to surrounding tissue

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7
Q

Three components of the tunica interna

A
  1. Endothelium (inside layer). Exposed to blood in the lumen. Continuous through CV system. Composed of simple squamous epithelium.
  2. Basement membrane. Reticular fibres that provide support for epithelial layer.
  3. Internal elastic Lamina. Boundaey between tunica interna and media. Mainly elastic fibres to allow for distensibility and stretch.
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8
Q

Vaso vasorum

A

Small blood vessels that supply blood to the tissues of the vessels.

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9
Q

Internal elastic lamina

A

Boundary between tunica interna and tunica media.

Mainly elastic fibres.

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10
Q

External elastic lamina.

A

Separates tunica externa and tunica media

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11
Q

Arteries

A 
Three typical layers. 
High compliance (adaptable to changes in volume and pressure)

Innervated by ANS

Elastic and muscular

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12
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decrease in diameter of artery/arteriole

Sympathetic response to need to increase BP, restrict blood flow to damaged area

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13
Q

Vasodilation

A

Caused by decrease in sympathetically (not parasympathetic activity)

Increase diameter of artery/arterioles

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14
Q

Elastic arteries

A

“Conducting arteries”
Largest diameter arteries in the body
Aorta, pulmonary trunk, major aortic branches

Walls thin relative to diameter.

Thick turnica media made of elastic fibres called elastic lamellae

Stretch and expand to accommodate surge of blood during ventricular systole.

Pressure reservoir: store mechanical energy, so can still propel blood forward when ventricles relaxes.

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15
Q

Muscular arteries

A

“Distributing arteries”.
Medium sized arteries.

The tunica media contain more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibres than elastic arteries.

Well defined internal elastic lamina, thin externa elastic lamina.

Turnica externa has loose structure, and often thicker than turnica media.

Greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Responsible for control of rate of blood flow.

Cannot recoil and propel blood.

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16
Q

Vascular tone.

A

The ability of the muscle to contract and maintain a state of partial contraction.

Similar to resting muscle tone.

Important in maintaining pressure and efficient blood flow.

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17
Q

Anastomoses

A

Union of branches of two or more arteries, veins, arterioles or venules supplying the same body region.

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18
Q

Collateral circulation

A

Alternative route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomoses.

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19
Q

End arteries

A

Arteries without collateral circulation

Lead to capillary beds.

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20
Q

Arterioles

A

Small artery, “resistance vessels”
Not much bigger than capillaries.
Regulate blood flow into capillary beds.

Thin turnica interna.
Thin fenestrated internal elastic lamina (smaller than RBC).
Turnica media consists of 1-2 layers of smooth muscle
Turnica externa – loose CT containing unmyleinated sympathetic nerves. (Impact blood flow and resistance via diameter change)

Key role: regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries by regulating resistance.

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21
Q

Metarteriole

A

Terminal end of arteriole, toward capillary bed.

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22
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A

At junction of arteriole and capillary.

Monitors blood flow.

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23
Q

Resistance

A

Opposition to blood flow.

Increased resistance –> vasoconstriction.

Decreased resistance –> vasodilation

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24
Q

Capillaries

A

Exchange vessels.

Primary function: substance exchange between blood and interstitial fluid.

Lack tunica media and tunica externa.

Walls composed of only a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane.

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25
Q

Microcirculation

A

Blood circulating through capillaries.

Metarteriole – (precapillary sphincter) –> capillary bed –> postcapillary venule

Can go straight from metarteriole to post capillary venule

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26
Q

Capillary bed

A

Network of 10-100 capillaries arising from a single metarteriole

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27
Q

Thoroughfare channel

A

A capillary that connects distal metartiole to start of venules.
No smooth muscle.
Blood bypasses capillary bed.

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28
Q

Vasomotion

A

Intermittent contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles.

Occurs approximately 5-10 times/min

Due to chemicals (ie NO) released by endothelial cells.

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29
Q

Types of capillaries

A
  1. Continuous (classic)
  2. Fenestrated (windowed)
  3. Sinusoid. (Bill the Cat)
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30
Q

Continuous capillary

A
  • continuous endothelium with intermittent breaks called Intercellular Clefts.
    • brain, lungs, skeletal, smooth mm, CTz
    • normal sized products.
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31
Q

Fenestrated capillaries.

A

Tiny pores present in endothelium
Larger products
Kidneys, villi of small intestine, endocrine glands.

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32
Q

Sinusoid capillaries.

A 
Wider and more winding 
Really big fenestrations
Missing basement membrane
Large intercellular clefts. 
Found in RBM, spleen, liver, anterior pituitary, parathyroid glands.
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33
Q

Portal system

A

Allows passage of blood from one capillary bed to another through a portal vein.

Named from second capillary bed.

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34
Q

Two main portal system locations

A
  1. Liver (hepatic portal)

2. Pituitary gland (hypopophyseal)

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35
Q

Venules

A

Venules drain capillary blood and begins to return blood to heart.

Post capillary venules very porous and function as significant sites of exchange.

Muscular venules have 1-2 layers of smooth muscle; no exchange.

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36
Q

Veins

A

Turnica interna and media much thinner, which much less smooth muscle and elastic fibres.

Turnica externa thickest. Can increase and decrease in size to adapt to volume and pressure, but with recoil.

No elastic laminae.

37
Q

Venous valves

A

One way
Veins and venules have such little BP that valves are necessary to prevent pooling

Blood also returns to the heart via pumping of heart and skeletal mm contractions.

38
Q

Vascular (venous) sinus

A

A vein with a thin endothelial wall, and no smooth muscle.

Surrounding dense connective tissue replaces turnica media and externa in providing support.

Ex dural venous sinus. Or coronary sinus.

39
Q

Anastomotic veins

A

Form “rungs” between paired veins.

40
Q

Why are veins more numerous than arteries?

A

Veins follow same paths as muscular arteries but are often doubled.

Unaccompanied superficial veins in subcutaneous layer, which connect via anastomoses to deep vein in between skeletal muscles.

41
Q

Varicose veins

A

Most common in lower extremities and esophagus.

Inadequate closure of valves –> pooling of blood.

Pain, hardened nodules, Edema, altered blood flow and itchiness.

In anal canal: haemorrhoids.

42
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Growth of new blood vessel

43
Q

Blood distribution at rest

A 
64% Systemic veins and venules
12% systemic arteries and arterioles
9%. Pulmonary vessels. 
7%. Systemic capillaries
7%. Heart
44
Q

Capillary exchange

A

The movement of substances between capillaries/blood and interstitial fluid.

45
Q

Three modes of capillary exchange

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Transcytosis
  3. Bulk flow
46
Q

Diffusion (capillary exchange)

A

Substances move passively down concentration gradient.

Important for exchange of water soluble (glucose etc) and lipid soluble (O2, CO2, steroids) solutes.

47
Q

How do water soluble, lipid soluble and large particles diffuse through capillaries?

A

Water soluble – through intercellular clefts or fenestrations

Fat soluble – though endothelial cells

Plasma proteins and RBCs – can only pass through sinusoids

48
Q

Blood Brain Barrier and capillary exchange

A

Continuous capillaries that are sealed together by tight junctions.

Most substances blocked.

Areas that lack barrier are: hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland.

49
Q

Transcytosis

A

Capillary exchange by pinocytic vesicle.

Large lipid insoluble substances

Hormones (insulin) and certain large proteins (ABs)

50
Q

Bulk Flow

A

Passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules and particulates in a fluid move together in the same direction

Faster than diffusion alone can account for.

Involves:

1) filtration (Movement from capillaries to interstitial fluid)
2) reabsorption (movement from interstitial fluid to capillaries)

Important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid.

51
Q

Filtration

A

Capillaries –> interstitial fluid

Involves:
A) blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
B) interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)

52
Q

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

A

BHP

Filtration pressure.

The pressure against vessel walls generated by the pumping action of the heart

35 mmHg at arteriole
16 mmHg at venous

53
Q

Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure (IFOP)

A

Filtration pressure that pulls fluid from capillaries into interstitial fluid

1 mmHg

54
Q

Reabsorption

A

Part of bulk flow.
Interstitial fluid –> blood

Dependent on:
A. blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
B. interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)

55
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

BCOP

Reabsorption pressure caused by large molecules that pull fluid from interstitial fluid to blood.

26 mmHg

56
Q

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

A

IFHP

Reabsorption pressure that pushes fluid from interstitial space into capillaries.

-1 to +1 mmHg. Effectively nada

57
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

The balance of pressures that dictate the direction of fluid flow.

NFP = forces of filtration - forces of reabsorption =
(BHP+IFOP) - (BCOP+IFHP)

Normally BCOP + IFHP = 26 + 0
And IFOP = 1, so only variable is BHP.

Arterial: 35+1 - 26 = +10 mmHg (–> filtration)
Venous: 16+1 - 26 = -9 mmHg (–> reabsorption)

58
Q

Starling’s Law of Capillaries

A

The overall volume of fluids and solutes reabsorbed is the same as the volume filtered. (=> homeostasis)

59
Q

Edema

A

Abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume. (Due to excess filtration or inadequate reabsorption).

Usually noticeable after interstitial volume >30% above normal.

60
Q

Blood flow

A

Volume of blood flowing through tissue in a given time.

Total blood flow = cardiac output.

mL/min

Depend on:

  1. Pressure difference (BP)
  2. Resistance
61
Q

Blood Pressure difference involves:

A
  1. Systolic BP
  2. Diastolic BP
  3. Mean arterial pressure
62
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

Average BP in the arteries

MAP = diastolic BP + 1/3(systolic BP - diastolic BP)

If 110/70 = 70 + 1/3(110-70) = 83 mmHg.

If 120/80 = 93 mmHg

63
Q

Resistance (hemodynamics)

A

Opposition to blood flow due to friction.

Dependent on:
1 size of lumen (inverse)
2. Blood viscosity
3. Total blood vessel length.

64
Q

Systemic vascular resistance

A

AKA total peripheral resistance (TPR)
The total resistance of the entire vascular system.

Arterioles contribute the most to SVR. Arteries are too big, venules and capillaries have no muscle.

65
Q

Venous return.

A

The volume of blood flowing back to the heart through systemic veins.

Four mechanisms:
1. L ventricle origin of pressure. Only 16mmHg by veins, nada by R atrium

  1. One way valves (fill-pool-empty mechanism). Coincides with:
  2. Skeletal muscle contractions
  3. Respiratory pump.
66
Q

Respiratory pump

A

On inhalation, decrease in thoracic cavity pressure–> increase in abdominal cavity pressure –> abdominal veins compress and move blood from abdominal to thoracic cavity

On exhalation, valves prevent backflow as pressure reversed.

67
Q

Cross sectional area and velocity of blood flow

A

The greater the total cross sectional area, the slower the velocity

Capillaries have greatest total cross sectional area.

68
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting, LOC due to lack of blood flow to the brain.

69
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

Decrease in BP from change in body position. Can lead to syncope.

70
Q

Four receptors of sensory input affecting BP and blood flow

A
  1. Baroreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
  4. Limbic system and higher brain system.
71
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Measure internal pressure changes.

Carotid sinus reflex: pressure in the brain and internal carotids . Glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)

Aortic reflex: systemic reflex in body and ascending and arch of aorta. Vagus nerve (CN X)

72
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Measure chemical changes in body. O2, CO2 and H+ concentrations.

Carotid body – measures the brain, in carotid sinus

Aortic body – measures systemics, in arch of aorta

73
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Cells on synovial membranes, tendons, ligaments and skeletal muscle that activate when exercise is initiated.

74
Q

Limbic system and higher brain centres

A

Emotional and psychological signals descend directly onto CV centres.

75
Q

Three motor nerves involved in BP and blood flow

A

1) Cardiac accelerator nerve
- - thoracic spine, innervate sympathetics.
- - increase HR, contractibility and cardiac output

2) Vagus Nerve (CNX)
- - innvervates parasympathetics
- - decrease HR, contractibility and cardiac output

3) Vasomotor nerve
- - innervates sympathetics, causing vasoconstriction of blood vessels
- - run from CV centre, exit spinal cord through a T spine and L1-2 nerves, and pass into the sympathetic trunk ganglia to blood vessels.
- - constant stimulation of smooth muscles.

76
Q

Vasomotor tone

A

The moderate state of vasoconstriction that sets the resting level of tone for most blood vessels (resting SVR)

77
Q

Four hormones involved in BP/blood flow

A
  1. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
  2. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
  3. Anti diuretic hormone
  4. Atrial natiuretic peptide
  • only atrial natiuretic peptide lowers BP
78
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA)

A

Decreased BP and volume detected by juxta cells in kidneys, which secrete renin.

Renin + angiotensin-converting-emzyme (ACE) produce Angiotensin II, which raises BP by:

  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Stimulates aldosterone which increases reabsorption of Na+ and H2O (–> increased blood volume –> increased BP).
79
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine and BP

A

Secreted by adrenal medulla.
Increase rate and force of heart contraction.
Vasoconstriction of vessels to skin and abdominal organs, vasodilation of vessels to cardiac and skeletal muscle.

80
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

AKA vasopressin

Produced by hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary.

Vasoconstriction and thus increased BP

Also increased reabsorption of H2O by kidneys

81
Q

Atrial Natiuretic Peptide (ANP)

A

Released by atrial cells of heart

Vasodilator. And increase H2O loss in kidneys

DECREASES systemic BP

82
Q

Types of stimuli that cause autoregulatory changes in BP.

A
  1. Physical changes (temperature, myogenic response)
  2. Chemicals that vasodilate/constrict
    Dilate: K+, H+, lactic acid, adenosine, NO
    Constrict: thromboxane A2, serotonin, endothelians
  3. Low O2 level
    Low systemic - dilate
    Low pulmonary – constrict.
83
Q

Myogenic response

A

Smooth muscle contracts more forcefully when it is stretched, and relaxes when stretch lessens.

–> when blood flow decreases, vasodilation, increased blood flow.

84
Q

Shock

A

Reaction to systemic low BP

85
Q

Types of shock

A
  1. Hypovolemic (decreased total volume of blood)
  2. Cardiogenic (poor/absent heart function)
  3. Vascular (too much vasodilation/ not enough vasoconstriction). Ex. Anaphylactic or neurogenic shock.
  4. Obstructive. (Thrombus or embolus)
86
Q

Homeostatic responses to shock

A

Activation of rennin-angio-tensin (RAT) system (increase BP)

Secretion of ADH

Activation of sympathetic system.
– (nor)epinephrine

Release of local vasodilators

87
Q

Pulse

A

Travelling pressure wave generated by systole and diastole of the ventricles.

88
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

Sounds heard through stethoscope when measuring BP.

Systolic – initial onset of sound
Diastolic – point at which sound disappears.

89
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Difference between systole and diastole (around 40 mmHg)

A&P 300 (8 decks)

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