Blood vessels

Question 1

What are the three distinct tissue layers in both arteries and veins?

Answer 1

The three distinct tissue layers are tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa.

These layers are present in both arteries and veins.

Question 2

What is the innermost layer of arteries and veins called?

Answer 2

The innermost layer is called tunica interna, which is the endothelium.

The tunica interna is the innermost layer in both arteries and veins.

Question 3

What is the middle layer of arteries and veins known as?

Answer 3

The middle layer is called tunica media, which contains circularly arranged smooth muscle and elastic fibers.

This layer provides structural support and elasticity.

Question 4

What is the outer layer of arteries and veins composed of?

Answer 4

The outer layer is called tunica externa, which is mostly connective tissue and collagen fibers.

The tunica externa provides protection and support to the blood vessels.

Question 5

What does ‘vasomotor’ refer to?

Answer 5

Actions of blood vessels to change their diameter

Vasomotor refers to actions of blood vessels to change their diameter.

Question 6

What regulates vasomotor actions?

Answer 6

The medulla oblongata

These actions are regulated by the medulla oblongata.

Question 7

What is vasodilation?

Answer 7

The lumen enlarges or widens. Smooth muscles in the walls of arteries or large veins relax, which leads to an increase in local blood flow (hyperemia) and a decrease in blood pressure.

Example sentence: Vasodilation occurs in response to increased demand for oxygen during exercise.

Question 8

What is vasoconstriction?

Answer 8

The lumen becomes smaller or narrows. Smooth muscles in the walls of arteries or large veins contract, which leads to a decrease in local blood flow (ischemia) and an increase in blood pressure.

Example sentence: Vasoconstriction is a physiological response to cold temperatures to conserve heat.

Question 9

What happens as the heart beats and ejects blood?

Answer 9

The arterial walls expand and recoil.

This arterial expansion is called a pulse.

Question 10

Where can a pulse be felt?

Answer 10

A pulse can be felt in arteries near the surface of the body.

Example sentence: I could feel my pulse in my wrist.

Question 11

Facial Pulse

Answer 11

On the mandible or jawbone in line with the corners of the mouth.

Example sentence: The facial pulse can be felt on the mandible near the corners of the mouth.

Question 12

Brachial Pulse

Answer 12

Front of the elbow.

No additional information provided.

Question 13

Femoral Pulse

Answer 13

Inner thigh between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine.

No additional information provided.

Question 14

Posterior Tibial Pulse

Answer 14

Between the medial ankle bone and the Achilles tendon.

No additional information provided.

Question 15

Dorsalis Pedis Pulse

Answer 15

Top of the foot lateral to extensor hallucis longus.

No additional information provided.

Question 16

What is the functional unit of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 16

Capillaries

This is where gas exchange occurs between blood and body cells

Question 17

What is blood flow to capillary beds referred to as?

Answer 17

Microcirculation

Exchange of gases at the capillary level is called internal respiration

Question 18

What is the exchange of gases at the capillary level called?

Answer 18

Internal respiration

Example sentence: During internal respiration, oxygen is taken up by the blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood.

Question 19

What is venous return?

Answer 19

The rate blood flows back to the heart.

Another mechanism that assists venous return is the skeletal muscle pump, the squeeze-and-release action against venous walls that occurs when skeletal muscles contract and relax

Question 20

What is the skeletal muscle pump?

Answer 20

The squeeze-and-release action against venous walls that occurs when skeletal muscles contract and relax.

Another mechanism that assists venous return

Question 21

What does the respiratory pump promote?

Answer 21

Venous return through pressure changes that occur during breathing.

The respiratory pump promotes venous return through pressure changes that occur during breathing.

Question 22

What effect does inhalation have on pressure in the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity?

Answer 22

Inhalation causes a pressure decrease in the thoracic cavity and an increase in the abdominal cavity, creating an upward ‘sucking’ effect, and pushing blood toward the heart.

Inhalation causes a pressure decrease in the thoracic cavity and an increase in the abdominal cavity, creating an upward ‘sucking’ effect, and pushing blood toward the heart.

Question 23

What are changes in muscle tone inside venous walls called?

Answer 23

Venomotor tone

Changes in muscle tone inside venous walls are called venomotor tone.

Question 24

What is the phenomenon called when there is a lack of venomotor tone leading to a sudden drop in blood pressure?

Answer 24

Postural (orthostatic) hypotension

Lack of venomotor tone contributes to a sudden drop in blood pressure and resultant dizziness when sitting or standing upright from a recumbent position, a phenomenon called postural (orthostatic) hypotension.

Question 25

What major artery do all systemic arteries branch from?

Answer 25

The aorta

The largest artery in terms of diameter

Question 26

What are the three parts of the aorta?

Answer 26

Ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta

Descending aorta has thoracic above diaphragm and abdominal below diaphragm

Question 27

Where is the thoracic aorta located?

Answer 27

Above the diaphragm

Question 28

Where is the abdominal aorta located?

Answer 28

Below the diaphragm

Question 29

What does the carotid arteries supply?

Answer 29

Brain, face, and neck

Question 30

What regions of the body do the subclavian arteries supply?

Answer 30

Upper regions

Question 31

What regions of the body do the external iliac arteries supply?

Answer 31

Lower regions

Question 32

What are the largest veins in terms of diameter?

Answer 32

The vena cavae

Both drain into the right atrium.

Question 33

What does the superior vena cava drain blood from?

Answer 33

The upper half of the body

None

Question 34

What does the inferior vena cava drain blood from?

Answer 34

The lower half of the body

None

Question 35

Which vein is the longest in the body?

Answer 35

The great saphenous vein

None

Question 36

What does the jugular vein drain?

Answer 36

The brain, face, and neck

None

Question 37

What do the subclavian veins drain?

Answer 37

The upper regions of the body

None

Question 38

What do the common iliac veins drain?

Answer 38

The lower regions of the body

None