Blood, Urine and Faeces Flashcards
It is beneficial to fast a paitent for ____________ Hours before a sample is taken to avoid _____________
8 - 12 hours
Lipaemia
Equipment needed for blood sampling
- Patient
- Clippers
- Blood tubes
- Appropriate needle/syringe
- Cleaning swabs -hibi-alcohol
- Gloves
- Pen to label samples
- Restraint - personnel, chemical, muzzle
- Clean swab for pressure
What happens if the wrong size needle/syringe is used?
Needle - too small - damage blood cells
Syringe too big - too much pressure, damage to blood cells
Haemolysis
Anticoagulants
Preserves the blood so analysis of whole blood can occur
Anticoagulants - EDTA & Citrate
Anticoagulants that combine with calcium and cause the least cell damage.
Anticoagulants - Heperin & Fluorides
Reduces the amount of glucose metabolised by the blood cells priory to glucose estimation
Sample tubes:
Tubes - Pink/Red
Vacutainer - Lilac
Sample - Whole blood / Plasma
Additive - EDTA
Use -
Whole blood -Haemotology, Platelet count
Plasma - PRO BNP
Sample tubes:
Tubes - Orange
Vacutainer - Green
Sample - Plasma
Additive - Lithium Heperin
Use - Biochemistry, Electrolytes
Haemotology in birds and reptiles
Sample tubes:
Tubes - Yellow
Vacutainer - Grey
Sample - Whole blood
Additive - Fluoride/Oxalate
Use - Blood glucose
Sample tubes:
Tubes - Blue/Purple/Green
Vacutainer - Light blue
Sample - Whole blood
Additive - Sodium Citrate
Use - Coagulation, Platelet count
Sample tubes:
Tubes - White/Clear
Vacutainer - Red
Sample - Serum
Additive - NONE - plain
Use - Biochemistry, bile acids, hormonal tests
Sample tubes:
Tubes - Brown
Vacutainer - Red/grey
Sample - Serum
Additive - Serum gel
Use - Biochemistry, Bile acids, Hormonal tests
What should be checked on sample tubes
Anticoagulant to blood ratio
Expirary date
Serum is from ____________ blood
CLOTTED
Plasma is from _____________ blood
UNCLOTTED
Lipaemic plasma
Fatty sample, shows as pinky - milky substance
could indicate liver disease or not fasted prior to sampling
Icteric plasma
yellow
Increased billirubin
Haemolitic plasma
Redish tinge
Abnormal colour can affect results
Blood cells lyse (break) release haemoglobin
Storage of blood samples
Blood and serum can be stored in the fridge for a couple of days
Serum and plasma can be frozen indefinetly.
Urine should ideally be collected in the ____________
as this is when it is ________________ ___________
This increases chances of ____________
MORNING
MOST CONCENTRATED
ABNORMALITIES
Urine samples should be examined within ________ if unchilled or __________ if chilled
1 hour - unchilled
24 hours
Urine preservatives
Boric acid - 0.5g/28ml urine
preserves and prevents multiplication of bacteria for upto 4 days and will preserve cells and urinary casts
Urine preservatives
Formalin - 1-2ml : 15ml urine
URINE FOR SEDIMENT
Kills bacteria, alters protein, TOXIC
Urine preservatives
Thymol - 1mg/ml urine
URINE FOR BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS (except glucose) or SEDIMENT
Urine preservatives
Toluene HCL - enough to create a thin film on the sample
URINE FOR BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
FAECES COLLECTION
Equipment needed
Gloves
Faecal collection pot
Spatula
If examing faeces for presence of blood, the animal needs to be feed a ________ free diet for _____ days
MEET FREE FOR THREE DAYS
If examing faeces for ______ withdraw all medications, and some can float in the stool which inhibit egg count
WORM EGGS
define: desiccation
sample drying out
