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Blood & Lymph > Blood & Transport Proteins > Flashcards

Blood & Transport Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Blood proteins distributes oxygen, metabolites, waste and ____

A

hormones

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2
Q

Blood regulates temperature, ______(2).

A
  • body fluid pH (buffers)
  • fluid volume (osmosis)
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3
Q

Formed elements of blood = RBC, WBC, Platelets. Plasma contains ______ (4).

A
  1. nutrients
  2. proteins, hormones
  3. water
  4. electrolytes
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4
Q

If you collect supernatant from a centrifuged blood sample w/anticoagulant, you will get ______. If you collect supernatant from a blood sample that has coagulated, you get _____.

A
  • plasma
  • absence of fibrinogen
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5
Q

Oncotic pressure is the main force that _____and it is generated by ________.

A
  • is bringing water back from the tissues to circulation
  • plasma proteins
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6
Q

Plasma hydrostatic pressure is _____ on the arterial end and _____ on the venous end.

A
  • 37 mmHg
  • 17 mmHg
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7
Q

Plasma oncotic pressure is _____ on the arterial end and _____ on the venous end

A
  • 25 mmHg
  • 25 mmHg
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8
Q

On the arterial end, water _____ the capillary → interstitial space and on the venous end, water ______ the capillary → blood.

A
  • leaves
  • returns to
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9
Q

Of the plasma proteins, all are made in the ______, except for _______.

A
  • liver
  • Igs (made in B cell)
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10
Q

Albumin functions to maintain the _____ & _____.

A
  • osmotic pressure
  • transports proteins

(~60% of plasma proteins)

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11
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein is seen in ________(disease)

A

hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma

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12
Q

Separins (aka serine protease inhibitors) control ______

A

coagulation/inflammation

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13
Q

What does transferrin, ferritin & ceruloplasmin do with iron, respectively?

A
  • transferrin = transport Fe3+
  • ferritin = storage (all forms)
  • ceruloplasmin = use (also Cu transport)

(albumin transports Fe2+)

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14
Q

Acute phase proteins (ACP) bind to _______.

A

bacterial polysaccharides

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15
Q

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (aka serpin) protects from ______

A

inflammatory cells (elastase inhibitor → decreases inflammation)

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16
Q

Albumin has ______ for binding hydrophobic molecules (i.e. steroid hormones/FAs).

A

hydrophobic cleft/pockets

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17
Q

_______g/day of albumin is produced by the liver

A

~15 g/day

(5 g/kg of body weight)

18
Q

Molecules transported by albumin

A
  1. unconjugated bilirubin
  2. ions: Fe2+, Cu2+, Ca2+
  3. hormones: TSH, steroids
  4. drugs/xenobiotics
  5. FAs
19
Q

Other than maintains blood oncotic pressure, transports important molecules, albumin has 2 other important functions :

A
  • free radical scavenging (important in sepsis)
  • buffer for blood pH
20
Q

Diseases affecting albumin levels → osmotic imbalance. What are 4 causes of hypoalbuminemia?

A
  1. liver disease → low production
  2. starvation → low supply
  3. excess renal excretion (nephrotic syndrome)
  4. sepsis (used up as scavenger)
21
Q

Diseases affecting albumin levels → osmotic imbalance. What is the main cause of hyperalbuminemia?

A

severe dehydration

22
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

insufficient protein intake → childhood malnutrition

23
Q

Why do children w/Kwashiorkor have bloated bellies, but anorexic patients do not?

A
  • Kwashiorkor = high carb, no protein → decreased plasma osmotic pressure → fluid is not drawn back into blood (accumulates in interstitial space (ascites)
  • Anorexia (and marasmus) = low carb, low protein
24
Q

Nephrotic syndrome is due to damage to the ______, which leads to ______.

A
  • glomerular basement membrane
  • leaked/lost albumin → hypoalbuminemia

(edema & loss of other large proteins (Igs))

25
Q

nephrotic syndrome classic triad

A
  1. hypoalbuminemia
  2. proteinuria
  3. edema: peripheral & pulmonary (SOB)
26
Q

The major transporter of iron is ______. Iron deficiency = ______ (increased/decreased) saturation. Iron overload = ______ (increased/decreased) saturation.

A
  • transferrin
  • decreased
  • increased

(~30% of transferrin saturated w/Fe3+)

27
Q

Ceruloplasmin is the major copper transporter. What is the function in regards to iron?

A

oxidizes ferrous (Fe2+) → ferric (Fe3+)

(ferric Fe<u>3+</u> is the only form that transferrin can carry)

28
Q

Wilson’s disease is a deficiency of _______.

A

ceruloplasmin

(leads to increased excretion → low [copper])

29
Q

What is an example of a high affinity specialized carrier (transport protein? Non-specific carrier protein?

A
  • TBG (binds testosterone)
  • albumin (binds a variety)
30
Q

______ serve as a reservoir of hormone; while ______ serve as a buffer for rapid changes in free hormone concentration.

A
  • Transport proteins
  • hormone binding proteins
31
Q

What is an acute phase response & what is the effect on the liver?

A
  • nonspecific host response to cytokines (released from injury, infection or inflammation)
  • decreases liver albumin synthesis & increase acute phase protein synthesis
32
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP) binds _____→ _____

A

bacterial polysaccharides (opsonin) → complement cascade

(this is an inflammatory marker)

33
Q

Elevated CRP is an inflammatory maker seen in which conditions (2)?

A
  1. last half of pregnancy
  2. with birth control pills

(elevated levels > 3mg/L → increases risk of CV disease)

34
Q

What is the most important inhibitor of WBC/bacterial elastase?

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin (unregulated → extensive CT damage)

(Low synthesis → emphysema, COPD; MF elastases attack lung tissue → worse w/smoking)

35
Q

Alpha-1 antichymotrypsin (also a serpin, like Alpha-1 antitrypsin) inhibits ______.

A

proteases: cathepsin G in neutrophils, chymases in mast cells, chymotrypsin & other serine proteases

(increased synthesis in crohn’s/IBD, ulcerative colitis, burn injuries)

36
Q

_______ at low levels → emphysema, COPD; while _____ at high levels → Crohn’s/IBD & ulcerative colitis.

A
  • alpha-1 antitrypsin
  • alpha-1 antichymotrypsin
37
Q

What are the normal levels for the acute phase proteins: CRP, AAT, ACT?

A
  1. C-reactive protein < 1 mg/L
  2. Alpha 1-antitrypsin = 1.5-3.5 mg/mL
  3. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin = 20-40 mg/dL
38
Q

Haptoglobin binds ________ from _____.

A
  • hemoglobin
  • intravascularly hemolyzed RBCs

(reticuloendothelial system (RES) removes the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex from circultation)

39
Q

Hemopexin binds _______ from _______.

A
  • free heme
  • hemoglobin

(heme-hemopexin complex taken up by liver → releases iron → binds to ferritin)

40
Q

Haptoglobin protects the body from _____; while hemopexin protects the body from ______.

A
  • hemoglobin’s oxidative activity, iron loss, kidney damage
  • heme toxic effects: intercalates membrane; producing free radicals
41
Q

Decreases in which 2 plasma proteins indicate hemolytic anemia?

A
  1. haptoglobin
  2. hemopexin

Blood & Lymph (29 decks)

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