Blood & Transport Proteins Flashcards
Blood proteins distributes oxygen, metabolites, waste and ____
hormones
Blood regulates temperature, ______(2).
- body fluid pH (buffers)
- fluid volume (osmosis)
Formed elements of blood = RBC, WBC, Platelets. Plasma contains ______ (4).
- nutrients
- proteins, hormones
- water
- electrolytes
If you collect supernatant from a centrifuged blood sample w/anticoagulant, you will get ______. If you collect supernatant from a blood sample that has coagulated, you get _____.
- plasma
- absence of fibrinogen
Oncotic pressure is the main force that _____and it is generated by ________.
- is bringing water back from the tissues to circulation
- plasma proteins
Plasma hydrostatic pressure is _____ on the arterial end and _____ on the venous end.
- 37 mmHg
- 17 mmHg
Plasma oncotic pressure is _____ on the arterial end and _____ on the venous end
- 25 mmHg
- 25 mmHg
On the arterial end, water _____ the capillary → interstitial space and on the venous end, water ______ the capillary → blood.
- leaves
- returns to
Of the plasma proteins, all are made in the ______, except for _______.
- liver
- Igs (made in B cell)
Albumin functions to maintain the _____ & _____.
- osmotic pressure
- transports proteins
(~60% of plasma proteins)
Alpha-fetoprotein is seen in ________(disease)
hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma
Separins (aka serine protease inhibitors) control ______
coagulation/inflammation
What does transferrin, ferritin & ceruloplasmin do with iron, respectively?
- transferrin = transport Fe3+
- ferritin = storage (all forms)
- ceruloplasmin = use (also Cu transport)
(albumin transports Fe2+)
Acute phase proteins (ACP) bind to _______.
bacterial polysaccharides
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (aka serpin) protects from ______
inflammatory cells (elastase inhibitor → decreases inflammation)
Albumin has ______ for binding hydrophobic molecules (i.e. steroid hormones/FAs).
hydrophobic cleft/pockets
_______g/day of albumin is produced by the liver
~15 g/day
(5 g/kg of body weight)
Molecules transported by albumin
- unconjugated bilirubin
- ions: Fe2+, Cu2+, Ca2+
- hormones: TSH, steroids
- drugs/xenobiotics
- FAs
Other than maintains blood oncotic pressure, transports important molecules, albumin has 2 other important functions :
- free radical scavenging (important in sepsis)
- buffer for blood pH
Diseases affecting albumin levels → osmotic imbalance. What are 4 causes of hypoalbuminemia?
- liver disease → low production
- starvation → low supply
- excess renal excretion (nephrotic syndrome)
- sepsis (used up as scavenger)
Diseases affecting albumin levels → osmotic imbalance. What is the main cause of hyperalbuminemia?
severe dehydration
Kwashiorkor
insufficient protein intake → childhood malnutrition
Why do children w/Kwashiorkor have bloated bellies, but anorexic patients do not?
- Kwashiorkor = high carb, no protein → decreased plasma osmotic pressure → fluid is not drawn back into blood (accumulates in interstitial space (ascites)
- Anorexia (and marasmus) = low carb, low protein
Nephrotic syndrome is due to damage to the ______, which leads to ______.
- glomerular basement membrane
- leaked/lost albumin → hypoalbuminemia
(edema & loss of other large proteins (Igs))
nephrotic syndrome classic triad
- hypoalbuminemia
- proteinuria
- edema: peripheral & pulmonary (SOB)
The major transporter of iron is ______. Iron deficiency = ______ (increased/decreased) saturation. Iron overload = ______ (increased/decreased) saturation.
- transferrin
- decreased
- increased
(~30% of transferrin saturated w/Fe3+)
Ceruloplasmin is the major copper transporter. What is the function in regards to iron?
oxidizes ferrous (Fe2+) → ferric (Fe3+)
(ferric Fe<u>3+</u> is the only form that transferrin can carry)
Wilson’s disease is a deficiency of _______.
ceruloplasmin
(leads to increased excretion → low [copper])
What is an example of a high affinity specialized carrier (transport protein? Non-specific carrier protein?
- TBG (binds testosterone)
- albumin (binds a variety)
______ serve as a reservoir of hormone; while ______ serve as a buffer for rapid changes in free hormone concentration.
- Transport proteins
- hormone binding proteins
What is an acute phase response & what is the effect on the liver?
- nonspecific host response to cytokines (released from injury, infection or inflammation)
- decreases liver albumin synthesis & increase acute phase protein synthesis
C-reactive protein (CRP) binds _____→ _____
bacterial polysaccharides (opsonin) → complement cascade
(this is an inflammatory marker)
Elevated CRP is an inflammatory maker seen in which conditions (2)?
- last half of pregnancy
- with birth control pills
(elevated levels > 3mg/L → increases risk of CV disease)
What is the most important inhibitor of WBC/bacterial elastase?
alpha-1 antitrypsin (unregulated → extensive CT damage)
(Low synthesis → emphysema, COPD; MF elastases attack lung tissue → worse w/smoking)
Alpha-1 antichymotrypsin (also a serpin, like Alpha-1 antitrypsin) inhibits ______.
proteases: cathepsin G in neutrophils, chymases in mast cells, chymotrypsin & other serine proteases
(increased synthesis in crohn’s/IBD, ulcerative colitis, burn injuries)
_______ at low levels → emphysema, COPD; while _____ at high levels → Crohn’s/IBD & ulcerative colitis.
- alpha-1 antitrypsin
- alpha-1 antichymotrypsin
What are the normal levels for the acute phase proteins: CRP, AAT, ACT?
- C-reactive protein < 1 mg/L
- Alpha 1-antitrypsin = 1.5-3.5 mg/mL
- Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin = 20-40 mg/dL
Haptoglobin binds ________ from _____.
- hemoglobin
- intravascularly hemolyzed RBCs
(reticuloendothelial system (RES) removes the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex from circultation)
Hemopexin binds _______ from _______.
- free heme
- hemoglobin
(heme-hemopexin complex taken up by liver → releases iron → binds to ferritin)
Haptoglobin protects the body from _____; while hemopexin protects the body from ______.
- hemoglobin’s oxidative activity, iron loss, kidney damage
- heme toxic effects: intercalates membrane; producing free radicals
Decreases in which 2 plasma proteins indicate hemolytic anemia?
- haptoglobin
- hemopexin
