Blood Transfusion Flashcards
def of Blood Transfusion
It is the process of transferring blood or blood products from one person into the
circulatory system of another
list Indications of blood transfusion
- Hemorrhage:
-severe trauma or after surgical operation (to restore blood volume)
- bleeding attacks due to disturbances in clotting mechanisms or platelet
function (transfusion of clotting factors). - Severe anemia:
(to restore Hb level), people suffering from hemophilia or sickle-cell disease may require frequent blood transfusions. - Erythroblastosis fetalis.
when Hemolytic transfusion reactions occur ?
-Hemolytic transfusion reactions occur when blood is transfused to an individual with incompatible blood group
- when the recipient has agglutinins against the RBCs in the donor’s blood
-Hemolytic transfusion reactions occur when blood is transfused to an individual with …………………..
- when the recipient has …………..against the RBCs in the donor’s blood
-incompatible blood group
-agglutinins
The ……………………. is usually so diluted in the recipient that it rarely causes agglutination.
transfused plasma (donor’s plasma)
When recipient’s plasma has agglutinins against the donor’s red cells, the cells
……………..
agglutinate
what will happen when recipient’s plasma has agglutinins against the donor’s red cells ?
the cells agglutinate and hence:
- Agglutinated RBCs form clumps which:
-block capillaries leading to pain & tightness of the chest immediately.
-The clumps are then hemolyzed, releasing Hb into plasma causing jaundice. - The cells hemolyze.
-Free Hb is liberated into the plasma.
-The severity of the transfusion reaction may vary from minor asymptomatic rise in plasma bilirubin to severe jaundice (hemolytic jaundice)
- renal tubular damage & renal failure &may be death. - Histamine release from the hemolyzed RBCs causing VD & resulting in hypotension.
- Acute kidney shutdown due to three causes:
a- The antigen-antibodies reaction
b- Circulatory shock
c- Renal tubular blockage due to
Precipitation of Hb
how the antigen-antibodies reaction participates in Acute kidney shutdown?
-releases toxic substances from the hemolyzing RBCs
-and causes powerful renal vasoconstriction
-with reduction in the glomerular filtration rate.
how Circulatory shock participates in Acute kidney shutdown?
-Circulatory shock from the loss of RBCs and the production of toxic substances decreasing the glomerular blood flow and urine output
how Renal tubular blockage due to Precipitation of Hb participates in Acute kidney shutdown?
it obstructs the lumen of the tubules decreasing the flow of urine through : Precipitation of Hb which passes through the glomeruli by the acidic urine in the form of acid hematin
what’s the most danger manifestation of renal failure?
uremia and hyperkalemia
If the Acute kidney shutdown is complete and fails to resolve, the patient ………………
dies within a week to 12 days
illustrate Precautions before blood transfusion.
- Blood typing:
-donor’s blood should be compatible with recipient (ABO system &Rh factor) - Cross matching test
- A healthy donor with no history of serious diseases such as: Hepatitis, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or AIDS, Malaria and Syphilis
- Good storage of the blood with the addition of:
- acid citrate (to prevent its clotting)
-glucose (as a nutrient to the RBCs).
The blood should be kept at a
temperature of ……….. in the blood banks and not………, otherwise the RBCs will be destroyed. The blood should not be used after …………
4º C
frozen
5 weeks
illustrate Cross matching test
-The donor’s cells are added to the
recipient plasma and the donor’s plasma tested with the recipient cells
- This test is done to :
avoid incompatibility due to any subgroup, or due to increased concentration of agglutinins in the donor’s plasma.
