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Clinical Science > Blood tests > Flashcards

Blood tests Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Destination of Hematopoietic stem cells

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells

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2
Q

Path of thrombocytes

A

Hemocytoblast –> Common myeloid progenitor –> Megakaryocyte –> Thrombocyte

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3
Q

Path for ‘phils and monocytes

A

Hemocytoblast –> Common myeloid progenitor –> Myeloblast

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4
Q

Most important lab test

A

Complete Blood Count

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5
Q

Red blood cell deficiency or malformation

A

Anemia

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6
Q

Caused by blood loss, gastric bypass, pregnancy and poor diet

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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7
Q

Low levels of vitamin B12 or folate (required for erythropoiesis)

A

Vitamin deficiency anemia

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8
Q

Body stops erythropoiesis due to chemicals, drugs or autoimmune response

A

Aplastic anemia

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9
Q

Destruction of RBCs. Can be inherited or due to infection

A

Hemolytic anemia

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10
Q

Bone marrow produces abnormal RBCs which can’t incorporate iron

A

Sideroblastic anemia

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11
Q

Body produces abnormal alpha or beta chain of hemoglobin, genetic. Iron supplementation doesn’t help.

A

Thalassemia

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12
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Basophils and Eosinophils

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13
Q

Normal White Blood Cell count

A

4.5-11x10^3/uL (4500-11000)

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14
Q

Caused by bacterial infections, corticosteroids and smoking

A

Leukocytosis (elevated WBC count)

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15
Q

Caused by viral infections and parasites

A

Leukocytopenia

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16
Q

60% of WBCs. WBC change is usually reflective of this group

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

Normal percentage of Neutrophils

A

50-70%

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18
Q

Normal absolute Neutrophils

A

1.8-7.8x10^3/uL

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19
Q

Severe Neutropenia

A

500 or less

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20
Q

Neutrophils with immature nucleus

A

Band Neutrophils

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21
Q

Mature Neutrophils

A

Segmented Neutrophils

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22
Q

Left Shift

A

Higher concentration of band neutrophils. Indicates infection

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23
Q

Normal Lymphocyte percentage

A

20-40%

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24
Q

Absolute Lymphocyte

A

1.8-4.8x10^3/uL

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25
Q

Common with viral infections, anticonvulsants

A

Lymphocytsosis

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26
Q

Normal Monocyte percentage

A

2-8%

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27
Q

Absolute Monocyte count

A

0.0-.8x10^3/uL

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28
Q

Normal Eosinophil count

A

0-7%

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29
Q

Absolute Eosinophil count

A

0.00-0.45x10^3/uL

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30
Q

Caused by parasites and allergic reactions

A

Eosinophilia

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31
Q

Basophil percentage

A

0-3%

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32
Q

Absolute Basophil count

A

0.00-0.20x10^3/uL

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33
Q

Normal platelet count

A

150-450x10^3/uL

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34
Q

Drug induced or caused by HIV, hepatitis C, Epstein Barr virus, sepsis or parasites

A

Thrombocytopenia

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35
Q

Normal Male RBC count

A

4.6-6.0x10^6/uL

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36
Q

Normal Female RBC count

A

3.9-5.5x10^6/uL

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37
Q

Male Hemoglobin count

A

13.6-17.2 g/dL

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38
Q

Female Hemoglobin count

A

12-15 g/dL

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39
Q

Male Hematocrit

A

41-50%

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40
Q

Female Hematocrit

A

35-45%

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41
Q

Variation between RBC volume

A

RDW (RBC Distribution Width)

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42
Q

Average volume of the RBC. Hct/Hgb

A

MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)

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43
Q

Average weight of Hemoglobin. Hgb/RBC

A

MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin)

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44
Q

Measures the proportion of each RBC that is taken up by hemoglobin

A

MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration)

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45
Q

RBC with decreased concentration of Hemoglobin

A

Hypochromic RBCs

46
Q

RBC with normal concentrations of hemoglobin

A

Normochromic

47
Q

RBC with increased concentrations of hemoglobin

A

Hyperchromic

48
Q

Follow up to CBC that investigates bone marrow disorders

A

Reticulocyte count

49
Q

Immature RBC that circulate for 1-2 days before maturing

A

Reticulocytes

50
Q

Composed of 2 alpha and two beta chains

A

Hemoglobin A

51
Q

Composed of 2 alpha and 2 delta chains

A

Hemoglobin A2

52
Q

Composed of 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains. Higher affinity for oxygen and found in higher amounts in infants.

A

Hemoglobin F

53
Q

HbA percentage in adults

A

95-98%

54
Q

HbA2 percentage in adults

A

2-3.5%

55
Q

HbF in adults

A
56
Q

Increased Hb A2

A

Beta thalassemia or heterozygous for trait

57
Q

Decreased Hb A2

A

Alpha thalassemia or heterozygous for trait

58
Q

Universal Donor

A

Type O

59
Q

Universal Acceptor

A

Type AB

60
Q

Iron overload

A

hemochromatosis

61
Q

Normal Serum Iron levels

A

60-150 mcg/dL

62
Q

Reasons or increased Iron levels

A

Hereditary Hemochromatosis, Alcoholic cirrhosis, Beta-Thalassemia and high Iron intake

63
Q

Reasons for Iron deficiency

A

Anemias, blood loss (GI bleed, epitaxsis, menstruation), poor absorption, Renal failure, Increased iron demand due to pregnancy.

64
Q

Normal Serum Ferritin Levels

A

15-200 ng/mL

65
Q

What is Ferritin

A

Hollow spherical storage locker for Iron. It releases oxidized iron when the body needs it.

66
Q

Ferritin> 10ng/mL

A

Anemia of chronic disease

67
Q

Causes of serum ferritin deficiency

A

Iron deficiency anemia

68
Q

Causes of increased serum ferritin

A

Hereditary hemochromatosis, Iron poisoning, chronic hepatitis

69
Q

Glycoproteins responsible for Iron transport

A

Transferrin

70
Q

Normal Total Iron Binding Capacity

A

250-400 mg/dL

71
Q

Reasons for increased TIBC

A

Viral hepatitis, birth control, pregnancy, iron deficiency anemia

72
Q

Reasons for decreased TIBC

A

hemochromatosis, Anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia

73
Q

Normal Transferrin Saturation

A

33%

74
Q

Increased Transferrin saturation

A

megaloblastic anemia, sideroblastic anemia, hemochromatosis, iron overload

75
Q

Decreased Transferrin saturation

A

Iron deficiency anemia, chronic infection, malignancy, pregnancy, anemia of chronic disease

76
Q

Decreased serum Albumin

A

Liver disease, malabsorption, abnormal loss (GI bleed, skin loss, severe burns)

77
Q

Decreased prealbumin

A

Renal/Liver disease, Malabsorption, Crohn’s disease, low protein diet, severe illness, inflammation, infection

78
Q

Deficient or absent Alpha 1 antitrypsin

A

Early COPD, Prolonged Jaundice in infants, Liver dysfunction, portal hypertension, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma

79
Q

Alpha-2 globulin involved in copper transport

A

ceruloplasmin

80
Q

Increased Ceruloplasmin

A

infection

81
Q

Decreased Ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson’s disease, liver failure or hepatitis

82
Q

Protein that binds free hemoglobin from lysed RBCs and carries it back to the liver.

A

Haptoglobin

83
Q

Reasons for decreased Haptoglobin

A

Hemolytic Anemia, Blood transfusion reaction, artificial heart valve

84
Q

Function of complement proteins

A

They opsonize pathogens

85
Q

Measuring complement proteins is useful in identifying

A

Autoimmune disease and recurrent infections

86
Q

CH50 test

A

measures immune process and detects complement deficiencies. For a normal finding C1-C9 must be present

87
Q

Immunoglobulin found in secretions

A

IgA

88
Q

Immunoglobulin tested for allergies

A

IgE

89
Q

Immunoglobulin present during an illness

A

IgM

90
Q

Immunoglobulin present after an illness

A

IgG

91
Q

Indicated by a spike in protein production other than Albumin

A

Multiple Myelomoa

92
Q

Na+ levels

A

136-142 mEq/L

93
Q

K+ levels

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

94
Q

Glucose levels

A

70-110 mg/dL

95
Q

Creatinine male

A

.2-.7 mg/dL

96
Q

Creatinine female

A

.3-.9 mg/dL

97
Q

Bilirubin

A

.3-1.2 mg/dL

98
Q

Jaundice can occur at this level

A

total serum bilirubin above 2.5 mg/dL

99
Q

Danger of encephalopathy and mental retardation

A

Unconjugated bilirubin levels above 15 mg/dL

100
Q

Causes of indirect hyperbilirubinemia

A

Liver dysfunctions and RBC destruction

101
Q

Causes of Direct hyperbilirubinemia

A

obstruction of bile outflow

102
Q

Normal indirect bilirubin

A

70-85%

103
Q

Normal direct bilirubin

A

15-30%

104
Q

Normal value for AST and ALT

A

around 40. Must be 3x higher to be significant.

105
Q

Reasons for elevated AST and ALT

A

Obesity, alcoholism, Tylenol toxicity, liver injury or illness

106
Q

AST:ALT ratio >1

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis, metastatic liver cancer

107
Q

AST:ALT ratio

A

Acute/viral hepatitis, mononucleosis

108
Q

BUN/Creatinine ratio

A

Must be hand calculated if either are abnormal. Normal ratio is 10:1-20:1

109
Q

BUN/Cr ratio >20:1

A

Pre-profusion azotemia

110
Q

BUN/Cr ratio

A

Inside the kidneys

111
Q

Creatinine clearance female

A

95+- 20 ml/min

112
Q

Creatinine clearance male

A

120+- 25 ml/min

Clinical Science (3 decks)

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