Blood - Sorta

Question 1

What is Bohr’s Effect

Answer 1

excercise (actively metabolizing tissues) generate H+

this lowers pH of the blood near tissues related to lungs

Hb affinity for oxygen depends on pH
- H+ binds to Hb and stabalizes the T state due to . . .
protonation if His146 which forms an ionic bond with Asp94

this leads to release of O2

Question 2

does the pH difference between lungs and metabolic tissues increase or decrease efficiency of the O2 transport?

Answer 2

increase

Question 3

antibodies

Answer 3

proteins that are produced by B cells and specifically bind to antigens

Question 4

how many CDR (complimentary determining regions) are in a chain

Answer 4

3

in a binding site, there are 12 units.

Question 5

What is an antibody composed of?

Answer 5

two heavy chains (three constant and one variable domain) and two light chains (one constant and one variable domain)

Question 6

how is the antibodies connected?

Answer 6

through 4 disulfide bonds

Question 7

What is Fab?

Answer 7

contains regions that’re hypervariable (specifically the antigen-binding site)

Question 8

What is Fc?

Answer 8

confers high antigen specificity

Question 9

How does sickle-cell anemia work?

Answer 9

Glu (GAG) turns into Val (GTG)

Glutamine is polar and Valine is nonpolar.

Since Valine is on the hydrophilic surface but the molecule itself is hydrophibic (aka non-polar).

This means because the hydrophobic molecule is in a hydrophilic area, it will instinctively move towards its environment which is inside the hydrophobic surface of the protein.

Hb-S aggregates and forms a strand in order to ‘hide’ hydrophobic surface valine from solvent by binding to a different Hb molecule.