Blood Pressure

Question 1

What is the governance of blood flow?

Answer 1

Pressure, flow, resistance

Question 2

What are the three sources of resistance?

Answer 2

Blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter

Question 3

What is blood pressure?

Answer 3

Force against the walls of the ventricular system - force from left ventricular during ventricular systoles

Question 4

What is systemic blood pressure?

Answer 4

The pressure generated during ventricular systoles against the arteries that supply the blood

Question 5

What is pulmonary blood pressure?

Answer 5

The force against the arteries that supply the lungs

Question 6

How is blood pressure maintained?

Answer 6

Negative feedback looks via baroreceptors

Question 7

What is the role of the kidneys in a blood pressure drop? via ACE

Answer 7

-Angiotensinogen released from liver (juxtaglomerular cells)
-Renin released from kidney to act on angiotensiongen
-Creates angiotensin I
-ACE released from lungs
-ACE acts on angiotensin I to create angiotensin II
-Angiotensin II acts on adrenal gland to stimulate aldosterone
-Aldosterone acts on kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of salt and water
NOTE: angiotensin II also acts directly on the blood vessels (hence ACE inhibitors)

Question 8

True or false, reducing body weight by 1% will lower systolic blood pressure by 1mmHg

Answer 8

True!

Question 9

What is considered a termination blood pressure during exercise?

Answer 9

Systolic >250mmHg or Diastolic >115mmHg

Question 10

What is a contraindication to beginning exercise in terms of blood pressure?

Answer 10

Systolic >200mmHg or Diastolic >110mmHg

Question 11

What is white coat hypertension?

Answer 11

Blood pressure higher in a clinic compared to at home

Question 12

What is masked hypertension?

Answer 12

Blood pressure higher at home compared to at a clinic

Question 13

What is primary hypertension?

Answer 13

Increase in blood pressure with no other issues

Question 14

What is secondary hypertension?

Answer 14

Increase in blood pressure caused by another issue

Question 15

What is pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 15

Increase in blood pressure within the arteries of the lungs

Question 16

What is the role of the kidneys in regulating a blood pressure drop? Via Macula Densa

Answer 16

• Glomerular filtration rate detect decrease in blood pressure
• Decrease in sodium due to decrease GFR
• Macula Densa cause an increase in sodium reabsorption
• Increases osmosis and plasma volume
• Macula Densa release adenosine to vasoconsrict arterioles

Question 17

What is a vasovagal episode?

Answer 17

A sudden decrease in blood pressure (syncope)

Question 18

What is the gold standard measure of blood pressure?

Answer 18

Pulse wave form analysis

Question 19

What is dyslipidaemia?

Answer 19

High level blood lipids, elevated triglycerides and cholesterol

Question 20

What is hypercholesterolemia?

Answer 20

Only high cholesterol (>5.5mmol)

Question 21

What is hypertriglyceridemia?

Answer 21

Only high triglycerides (>1.7mmol)

Question 22

What are normal ranges for LDL and HDL?

Answer 22

LDL = <3.4mmol
HDL = >1-1.3mmol