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PPO2 MIDTERM > Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the arterial wall force due to heart pumping blood.

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2
Q

what are the 4 factors that affect blood pressure

A 
4 factors affect blood pressure:
Force of the blood pumped
Amount of blood pumped
Size of the arteries
Flexibility of the arteries
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3
Q

what is blood pressure dependent on?

A 
Dependent on:
Activity
Temperature
Diet
Emotional state
Posture
Physical state
Medication use
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4
Q

what is blood pressure expressed in? where can it be measured?

A

Systolic blood pressure/Diastolic pressure
Expressed in mm of mercury (Hg)
It can be measured on the right or left arm, or even thigh.

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5
Q

how many mmHg does the right and left arm differ?

A

5 mmHg

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6
Q

Patient can sit, recline, or be supine

True or False

A

True

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7
Q

Hypertension is diagnosed in a single reading.

True or False

A

False

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8
Q

May see effects of the disease on vision or the eye.

what is Hypertensive retinopathy?

A

retinal arteries narrow and constricted. blood vessels leak causing hemorrhages and exudates.

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9
Q

small areas of local hypoxia are known as what?

A

cotton wool spots= dead spots of the retina in the NFL. (nerve fiber layer)

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10
Q

what is hard exudates and papilloedema?

A

Proteins develop in vessels= hard exudates

PAPILLOEDEMA= FEATURE OF MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION.

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11
Q

What can hypertension cause? Describe the conditions and diseases.

A

Hypertension could also cause:
1) Sub-conjunctival hemorrhage (takes about 2 weeks to go away, turn yellowing or green before go away) caused by anything that makes you strain hard.
2) Retinal artery occlusion (whole retina dead and dysfunctional)
3) Retinal vein occlusion (central retinal artery strain blood in vein)
4) Retinal artery macro-aneurysms (out pouchings)
5) Exudative retinal detachments (fluid will
Lift retina and it will tear)
6) Oculo-motor palsies (eye will turn in)

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12
Q

Hyper- and hypotension could contribute to diseases like what?

A

Open angle glaucoma

TIA / Amaurosis fugax

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13
Q

loss of vision in one eye due to a temporary lack of O2 in retina. What is this called?

A

amaurosis fugax

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14
Q

what are the 4 stages of hypertension? and what classifies them?

A 
Stages of Hypertension:
Normal: less than 120/80
Pre-hypertension: 120-139/80-90
Stage 1 hypertension: 140-159/90-99
Stage 2 hypertension: >160/>99
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15
Q

Elevation of blood pressure due to anxiety of being in a doctor’s office seen in 20-30% of the population
what is this a description of?

A

white coat syndrome

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16
Q 
Extremely high blood pressure
In malignant hypertension:
Optic nerve may be affected (IMPORTANT)
It may become swollen
Aka papilledema
All the findings of hypertensive retinopathy PLUS swollen optic nerve head
May present with occipital headaches

what is this a description of? what type of hypertension?

A

malignant hypertension

17
Q

Malignant hypertension is included in the 4 stages of hypertension.
True or False.

A

False. No it is not included. it is its own entity.

18
Q

no identifiable underlying cause.

what type of hypertension am I?

A

essential hypertension

19
Q

1) Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (rise in BP during pregnancy)
2) Pheochromocytoma (tumor in kidney BP increase significant) males more at risk
3) Kidney disease (cant regulate fluids)
4) Adrenal disease (increase bp significantly)

what type of hypertension am I?

A

Secondary Hypertension

20
Q

what is Pheochromocytoma?

A

tumor in kidney BP increases significantly

21
Q

what is pre-eclampsia?

A

rise in BP during pregnancy.

22
Q

Pregnancy
20 weeks of gestation
All the findings of malignant hypertension
At risk for bilateral occipital lobe infarction
Cortical blindness
Usually defer routine dilated eye exam in pregnant women
Must dilate and care for women with this presentation!
Work in conjunction with OB-GYN and pediatrician
what type of hypertension am I?

A

pre-eclampsia or eclampsia hypertensive retinopathy

23
Q

urgency depends on BP and symptoms.

True or False

A

True

24
Q

what are the classifications or parameters that classify that a patient is an urgent hypertension patient case?

A 
Patients with symptoms are always urgent:
Chest pain
Difficulty breathing
Headache
Blurred vision
Optic disc swelling
Diastolic of 110-120 mm Hg
25
Q

what is a sphygmanometer?

A

Sphygmanometer (blood pressure cuff):

12-14 cm wide

26
Q

what is a stethoscope used for in taking BP?

A

Stethoscope:
Is used to listen to the sound of the blood in the brachial artery after first compressing it completely and then letting it flow back in a controlled fashion

27
Q

what does the diaphragm and bell of the stethoscope measure?

A 
diaphragm= high pitch sounds 
bell= low pitch sounds
28
Q

what are the sounds that you hear when measuring BP?

A

Korotkoff sounds

29
Q

how many phases of Korotkoff sounds are there? Describe them.

A 
5 phases:
Phase I: soft tapping, systolic reading
Phase II: swishing murmur
Phase III: crisper sound
Phase IV: abrupt sound muffling
Phase V: disappearance of sounds
30
Q

How long should you listen for the BP before deflating it? How do you record the BP in the proper way?

A

Listen for an additional 20-30 mmHg then deflate rapidly

Record:
120/80 mmHg R.A.S @ 5pm. Adult cuff.

31
Q

What are the requirements or standards of taking BP normally? after caffeine, smoking, or exercise how long should you wait?

A

Performed after FIVE minutes at rest
30 minutes after caffeine, smoking, exercise

Arm supported at waist level
Stethoscope bulb at heart level
Thin sleeve or bare arm
Feet flat on floor, legs uncrossed
Locate brachial artery by palpation
Wrap cuff about one inch above arm crease
32
Q

what are the instructions of finding the systolic pressure?

A

Palpate the radial artery with middle and forefinger
Inflate cuff 30 mmHg above where the pulse disappears (is no longer felt)
Deflate the cuff slowly 2-3 mmHg per second until you can first palpate the beat again
Rapidly deflate the cuff

33
Q

Insert earpieces of the stethoscope angled forward
Insert diaphragm firmly over the brachial artery
Inflate the cuff to 20-30 mmHg above estimated systolic pressure
Release pressure slowly
Listen for Korotkoff sounds

True or False

A

True

PPO2 MIDTERM (7 decks)

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