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Module 5 Hematology > BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY (Hematopoiesis, Blood Typing, and Hemostasis) > Flashcards

BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY (Hematopoiesis, Blood Typing, and Hemostasis) Flashcards

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1
Q

fluid of cardiovascular system
● Composed of : Plasma, WBC, and RBC
● Cellular elements: WBC, RBC, Platelets

A

BLOOD

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2
Q

functions of the blood

A 
Maintains Homeostasis
- Body temperature
osmotic and ionic balance
› Transport of:
- Gases (O2 and CO2)
- Nutrients
- Hormones
› Defense:
- Infections
- Hemostasis
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3
Q

TYPES OF PLASMA proteins

A

albumin
globulin
clotting factors

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4
Q

major plasma protein
maintains oncotic pressure
carries molecules and drugs

A

albumin

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5
Q

α β globulins (liver): transport of fats

› γ globulins (WBC): immunoglobulins

A

globulin

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6
Q

The force that retains the fluids inside the blood vessels

● Albumin maintains intravascular oncotic pressure

A

ONCOTIC PRESSURE

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7
Q

what happens when there is low albumin

A

edema
ascites
pulmonary edema

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8
Q

Fluid moves out of the blood vessels and into the

interstitium or in the subcutaneous area

A

edema

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9
Q

Fluid moves out of the blood vessels and into the

interstitium or in the subcutaneous area

A

ascites

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10
Q

Fluid leaking into the alveoli and pleural space

A

pulmonary edema

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11
Q

where is the albumin produced

A

liver

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12
Q

what happens with patiens with liver problems or liver cirrhosis

A

low levels of albumins

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13
Q

what does the serum protein electrophoresis

A

measures different levels of proteins in the blood
- diganoses serum protein disorder

Majority of serum will be albumin , followed by alpha-1,
alpha-2, beta , and gamma globulins (immunoglobulins)

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14
Q

Abnormal proliferation of plasma cells producing abnormal
amounts of immunoglobulins

will yield a spike showing a
high level of immunoglobulins

A

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

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15
Q

inherited immunodeficiency state that causes a low
concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood

serum electrophoresis test will show a deficit

A

AGAMMA GLOBULINEMIA

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16
Q

process of making red blood cells

A

Erythropoiesis

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17
Q

different site of erythropoiesis in fetus

A
  • yolk sac

mid semester - liver, spleen and lymph nodes

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18
Q

different site of erythropoiesis in children and adolescents

A

all bone marrows

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19
Q

different site of erythropoiesis in adults

A 
Marrow of axial skeleton (membranous bones) continue to
produce RBCs:
› Vertebrae
› Ilia/Pelvis
› Sternum
› Ribs
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20
Q

As age increases, the marrow becomes less productive of RBC

A

tibia and femure stop at 20

others start to lessen by ageing

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21
Q

a hormone and a principal stimulus for RBC

production in low oxygen state

A

erythropoietin

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22
Q

most important regulator of RBC

production

A

Tissue oxygenation

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23
Q

what happens when hypoxia occurs

A

increases rbc production

sensed by the kidney then releases erythropoietin

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24
Q

what causes to hypoxia

A

anemia
pulmonar disease
poor blood flow high altitude

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25
other stimulant of erythropoiesis
``` Norepinephrine › Epinephrine › Prostaglandins › Androgens (reason why males have higher level of hematocrit than females) ```
26
when does the rate of making erythropoietin the kidney decreases
when adequate oxygen starts to flow to the tissues
27
what does erythropoietin produce
stimulates production of proerythroblasts from | hematopoietic stem cells
28
high altitudes induce hypoxia that can cause anemia - thin air - increases hematocrit, hemo, erythropoietin
CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES AND HIGH ALTITUDE | SETTINGS
29
this is a banned substance in sports
Doping
30
effects of doping
increased blood oxygen capacity | - atheletic performance
31
side effects of doping
Hypertension | › Venous thrombosis; RBC clumping in vessels
32
kidney failure leads to chronic kidney diseases
anemic insuffecient erythp. the one produced in the liver is only 10% not sufficeient
33
used in DNA synthesis
RED CELL MATURATION
34
elements needed in dna synthesis
folic acid | vitamin B12
35
what is needed to absorb b12
Intrinsic factor - protein by gastric pariental cells
36
what absorbs the b12 and where is it stored
absorbed by the ileum os the small intestine and stred in the liver
37
cons of vegan diet
no B12 found need fortified food or supplements to recover
38
what to do when liver cannot store b12
maintenance of lifetime intramuscular injections of Vitamin | B12
39
State of Iron overload
HEMOCHROMATOSIS
40
insoluble form of iron that collects inside the cells › may result to liver, pancreas and heart failure
Hemosiderin
41
who and where is hemochromatosis seen
Multiple blood transfusions - for chronically anemic | patients
42
Decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood | › Decrease in number of RBC’s
anemia
43
increased destruction of RBC | › Hemorrhage
Hemolytic Anemia
44
primary bone marrow failure
Aplasmic Anemia
45
increase in the number of red blood cells in the body. | The extra cells cause the blood to be thicker
Polycythemia
46
inherent overproduction of RBC’s by the bone marrow and also called polycythemia vera
Primary Polycythemia
47
Response when exposed to low oxygen tension envrionment - RBC count commonly rises 30% above normal - Congenital cyanotic heart disease - Chronic lung disease - Erythropoietin producing tumors
Secondary Polycythemia
48
Part of the complete blood count test | ● Used to help diagnose the cause of anemia
BLOOD INDICES
49
lifespan of rbc
120 days
50
Determined by the presence of antigens on the surface of RBC Major blood grouping systems › ABO blood grouping
BLOOD TYPING
51
ABO BLOOD GROUP
``` H antigen with terminal oligosaccharides › A = N-acetylgalactosamine › B = Galactose › AB = Both › O = None ```
52
universal reciepients
AB blood type
53
universal donors
blood type O
54
RH BLOOD GROUP . | composed of C, D, and E
most significant is the D antigen
55
an Rh (-) mother gives birth to an Rh (+) child, fetal blood gets mixed with maternal blood which produces anti-D agglutinins from the mother.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
56
prevention and cure of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Prevented by giving the mother Rh gamma globulin / immunoglobulin (on 28th week and after delivery of 1st pregnancy). › Babies are treated with exchange transfusion of Rh (-) blood.
57
BLOOD TYPING
``` ● Clumping of RBCs = (+) ● No Clumping of RBCs = (-) ● Color of Antisera (Universal) › Anti A = blue › Anti B = yellow › Anti RH = clear ```
58
Prevention of blood loss - One of the defense functions of the blood = by the process of forming clots in the walls of damaged vessels while maintaining blood in the
HEMOSTASIS
59
hemostasis by several events/mechanisms:
Vasoconstriction › Formation of platelet plug › Blood coagulation › Clot retraction
60
Trauma to the blood vessel wall causes smooth muscles to | contract.
VASOCONSTRICTION
61
Trauma to the blood vessel wall causes smooth muscles to | contract.
VASOCONSTRICTION
62
-Also called thrombocytes -Formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes (extremely large hematopoietic cells in the marrow)
PLATELET
63
lifepan of platelets
8 - 10 days
64
Contractile proteins for shrinking the clot (actin/ myosin/ thrombosthenin) 2. Residuals of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus 3. Granules (ATP/ADP, serotonin, Ca2+, thromboxane A2) 4. Growth factors, fibrin stabilizing factor, prostaglandins
Platelet cytoplasm
65
● Platelet cell membrane
Glycoproteins - Repels normal endothelium but adherence to injured vessel wall and any exposed collagen within the vessel wall 2. Phospholipids - Activate multiple stages in blood-clotting
66
formation of platelets
- triggered by endothelial damage - attach to VWF - contracts then release atp, thrmboxane a2 and paf platelet activating factor
67
purpose of coagulation
formation of fibron
68
strengthens the platelet plug and the overall | clot
fibrin
69
2 pathways of fibrin
Intrinsic pathway | Extrinsic pathway
70
triggered by the activation of factors in the blood by exposure to collagen in the sub endothelium.
Intrinsic pathway
71
triggered by the exposure of | plasma to tissue factor
Extrinsic pathway
72
is exposed when there is damage to tissues it is a lipoprotein
Tissue factor
73
Factor Xa combines with factor V
prothrombin | activator

Module 5 Hematology (4 decks)

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