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Module 5 Hematology > Blood histology > Flashcards

Blood histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood

A

a special type of connective tissue

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2
Q

this is the intercellular substance of the blood

A

plasma

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3
Q

cellulalr elements,

rbc, wbc and platelets

A

formed elements

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4
Q

what are the fluid that circulates the cardiovascular system

A

blood:
oxygenated - light red
deoxy - dark red or purple

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5
Q

functions of the blood

A
  • carry O2 from lungs and nutrients from gastro
  • carries CO2 and waste to disposal site
  • defends body from pathogens
  • tells states of the organ
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6
Q

what is the body weight of blood

A

8%

5L of 60Kg person

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7
Q

what is the ph of blood

A

slight alkaline 7.4

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8
Q

when blood seperates in centrifuges what are the layers that are present

A

Plasma 54%
Buffy coat 1%
Red blood cells 45%

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9
Q

what are the buffy coats 1%

A

wbcs and platelets

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10
Q

a protein in blood clotting, forms fibrous network and formed elements

A

Fibrin

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11
Q

what produces fibrin

A

Fibrinogen

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12
Q

what stays when the clot is removed

A

Serum

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13
Q

what is - transparent yellow

  • 90% water
  • dissolved substances
  • organic compunds
A

Plasma

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14
Q

what are the plasma proteins

A
  • albumin
  • globuins
  • fibrinogen
  • lipoproteins
  • the complement system
  • proenzymes
  • hormones
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15
Q

what are the plasma proteins that are synthesized in the liver

A

all except for gamm globulins and regular proteins

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16
Q

this plasma protein

  • 60% plasma
  • smallest plsama protein
  • maintains colloid protein
  • binds and transports such as fatty acids and steroid hormones
A

Albumin

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17
Q 
this plasma protein 
- 36% plasma 
- 3 kinds 
  Alpha 
  Beta 
  Gamma
A

Globulins

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18
Q

this type of globulins

- binds and transports substances to various parts of the body

A

Alpha

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19
Q

this type of globulins

- binds and transports substances to various parts of the body

A

Beta

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20
Q

this type of globulins

  • compromises of antibodies of immune system
  • weight of molecular 80000 to 1 million
A

Gamma

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21
Q 
this plasma protein 
-4% 
plasma 
- precursor of fibrin 
- final step protein for blood clotting
A

Fibrinogen

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22
Q

this plasma protein

  • <1%
  • transports lipids from interstine to liver and from liver to tissues
A

lipoproteins

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23
Q

this plasma protein

  • <1%
  • > 20 proteins
  • involved in inflammatory and immune responses
A

Complement system

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24
Q

Percentage of blood volume accounted for by RBcs around 45%

A

Hematocrit

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25
Q

where are most formed elemnts found

A

in the rbcs

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26
Q

where is hematocrit used

A
  • to find if there is anemia
  • indirect count of rbcs in blood

45- 54% male
37 - 57% female

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27
Q

Number of rbcs

A

4.0 - 6.0 million/cu mm

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28
Q

Number of rbcs in male

A

4.5 - 6.0 million/cu mm

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29
Q

Number of rbcs in female

A

4.0 - 5.5 million/cu mm

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30
Q

Number of platelets

A

150,000 - 400,000 /cu mm

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31
Q

number of wbcs

A

4,500 - 10,500 /cu mm

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32
Q

5 types of WBCS

A
  • Neutrophils 50-70
  • Eosinophils 2-5
  • Basophils 0-1
  • Lymphocytes 20-40
  • Monocytes 3-7
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33
Q

this type of wbcs

- increased

A

Leukocytosis

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34
Q

what is wbcs important for

A

diagnostic tools for monitoring diseases

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35
Q

elevated Wbcs

A

Leukocytosis

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36
Q

iBC counncreased percentage of neutrophils › Observed in certain viral infections:

A

Neutrophilia

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37
Q

WBC count is less than normal

A

Leukopenia

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38
Q

Shape of the formed elements

  • Biconcave discs
  • round flat on surface
A

RBCS

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39
Q

Shape of the formed elements

  • biconvex discs
  • coronal view
  • ovate transverse view
A

Platelets

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40
Q

Shape of the formed elements

  • spherical in blood
  • pleomorphic or ameboid
A

WBC

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41
Q

Sizes of the formed elements of blood in Vivo

A 
RBC- 7.5
platelets - 2-3
neutrophil 7 
eosinophil - 9 
basophil - 7 
monocytes - 9-12

lymphocyte
small - 6-12
large 9-12

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42
Q

Sizes of the formed elements of blood in blood smear

A 
RBC- 7.5
platelets - 2-3
neutrophil 10-12 
eosinophil - 12-14
basophil - 10-12
monocytes - 17-20

lymphocyte
small - 8-15
large 11-15

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43
Q

what is the lifespan of rbcs

A

120 days

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44
Q

life span of Platelets

A

9 to 12 days

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45
Q

lifespan of wbcs in blood

A 
Neutrophil 8hrs 
Eosinophil 3-8hrs 
Basophil days 
Lymphocyte unknown 
monocyte - 1-2 days
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46
Q

lifespan of wbcs in tissues

A 
Neutrophil 1-4days
Eosinophil 8-12days
Basophil days  
Lymphocyte months years  
monocyte - 70 days
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47
Q

what makes the color of blood red

A

rbcs

hemoglobin

48
Q

where are rbcs made

A

bone marrow

49
Q

anucleate and devoid of organelles and also loaded with dissolved hemoglobin

A

rbcs

50
Q
  • bigger than mature RBCs

- .8% of circulating RBCs in the form of immature cells called

A

reticulocytes

51
Q

Globular protein which comprises 33% of the mass of RBCs

  • globin
  • heme
A

Hemoglobin

52
Q

normal count of hemoglobin in
male
female

A

14-18g

12-16g per 100ml blood

53
Q

what is globin

A

protein molecule

54
Q

what is heme

A

iron containing compound

55
Q

RBCs that contains normal amount of hemoglobin (pinkish in color)

A

Normochromic

56
Q

RBCs that contain less than normal amount of hemoglobin (paler

A

Hypochromic

57
Q

RBCs that contain more than normal amount of hemoglobin (stain more intensely)

A

Hyperchromic

58
Q

is term used for RBCs that manifest variations in size; could be observed in some disease conditions

A

Anisocytosis

59
Q

normal sized RBCs

A

Normocytes

60
Q

RBCs that are greater than 9um in diameter

A

Macrocytes

61
Q

RBCs that are less than 6um in diameter

A

Microcytes

62
Q

term used when RBCs tend to adhere to each other on their flat surfaces like a stack of coins
› common to find in thick smears

A

Rouleaux Formation

63
Q

is also the occurrence of stacked RBCs that can be observed at thin smears

A

True Rouleaux

64
Q

what does true rouleaux signifyy

A

increased amount of plasma

particularly fibrinogen and globulins.

65
Q

a hypotonic solution, RBCs undergo

A

Hemolysis

66
Q

What happens during hemolysis

A

cells initially swell → become spherical

cell membrane stretches → hemoglobin leaks
out

67
Q

“ERYTHROCYTE GHOSTS” – pale

membrane bound structures

A

“ERYTHROCYTE GHOSTS”

68
Q

Sometimes RBCs form surface spicules or spines called

A

Echinocytes

69
Q

when RBCs exhibit variation in shape

A

Poikilocytosis

70
Q

substance which immune system perceives as foreign to
the body → consequently induces an immune response → in
the case of RBC, comes in the form of production

A

Antigen

71
Q

There are two kinds of antigen:

A

A and B

72
Q

those who have RBCs that contains

antigen A

A

Type A Blood:

73
Q

those who have RBCs that contains

antigen B

A

Type B Blood:

74
Q

those who have both A and B antigens.

A

Type AB Blood:

75
Q

those who have neither of the two

antigens.

A

› Type O blood:

76
Q

those with Rh antigen on the surface

of their RBCs

A

Rh positive:

77
Q

those that do not have the Rh
antigen; do not have naturally-occuring anti-RH
antibodies in their plasma

A

Rh negative:

78
Q

Also known as thromboplastids
- membrane bound fragments
produced by megakaryocytes

A

PLATELETS

79
Q

Parts of Platelets

A
  • Granulomere

- Hyyalomere

80
Q

it produces platelets

  • giant cells
  • fragmentation of the cytoplasm
A

Megakaryoctyes

81
Q

dark-staining central portion that contains basophilic
granules (often referred to as azurophilic granules)
has cytoplasmic organelles
-

A

Ganulomere

82
Q

Clear, peripheral portion; no organelles

  • involved in homeostasis
  • Platelet adhesion:
  • Platelet aggregation:
  • Release blood clotting-factors
A

Hyalomere

83
Q

adhere to exposed collagen fiber

A

Platelet adhesion:

84
Q

platelets stick to each other

A

platelets stick to each other

85
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

86
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

87
Q

for any cytoplasmic granule that stains
with azure or a similar blue aniline dye
- present in a number of cell types including all

A 
Nonspecific granules (azurophilic; primary
granules)
88
Q

a nuclear appandage found in the neutrophil that is attached to the lobe
condensed inactive chromosome X

A

Barr body or Drumstick

89
Q
  • immature neutrophils
  • normally seen in blood
  • s shaped or horsehoe shaped
A

Stab cells

90
Q

what is the function of stab cells

A

defends the body against pathogenic bacteria and
other foreign substances
- via phagocytosis

91
Q

apoptotic polymorphonuclear cells

APCs

A

either indirectly or directly by presenting

antigens to T cells

92
Q
  • terminally differentiated cells that

have very few cytoplasmic organelles

A

Mature neutrophils

93
Q

granules of the neutrophils die, they form

part of the pus, and if pus formation occurs,

A

pus cells.

94
Q

known for the presence of large granules that stain

pink to brick red in routine blood smears

A

EOSINOPHILS (Eosinophilic Leukocyte)

95
Q

nucleus of eosinophils

A

2-3 lobes

› chromatin less coarse than neutrophils

96
Q

cytoplasm of eosinophils

A

coarse, refractile
- intensely eosinophilic
- contain cationic proteins and hydrolytic
enzymes

and smaller than specific granules

97
Q

these cells are in -parasitism and cancers

- asthma and allergy

A

EOSINOPHILS

98
Q

cytoplasm of basophils

A

Specific granules

  • coarser but fewer than in eosinophils
  • metachromatic but purple usually
  • contain histamine and heparin
  • water-soluble
99
Q

nucleus of basophils

A

j or U shaped

100
Q
  • releases histamine
  • immediate type hypersensitivity (Type 1)
    during anaphylactic shock
A

function of basophils

101
Q

comparing mast cells and basophils

A
  • Basophils are smaller and have shorter
    lifespan than mast cells
  • other all is the same
  • same bone marrow but diff proginator
102
Q
  • family of cells that look alike under the cells
  • 98% not in the blood
  • principal agents of the immune system
  • in lymphoid tissue
A

LYMPHOCYTES

103
Q

true or false

b and t cells occasionally leave the lymphoid

A

True

104
Q

what recirculate more

B or T cells

A

T cell

105
Q

types of lymphocyte

A

Small

Large

106
Q
  • most are in the blood 97%

- usually inactive

A

Smally lymphocytes

107
Q
  • 3% in the blood
  • thought to be young lymphocyte
  • currently as NK or activated lympho..
A

Large cells

108
Q

type of lymphocyte where organelle is found

A

small

109
Q

6-9 size
round shaped
deeply staining

A

Small Lymphocyte

110
Q

9-12 size
large but pale
prominent nucleolus

A

Large lymphocyte

111
Q
  • made in Bone marrow
  • Function: hummoral immunity
  • daughter cells differentiate to plasma and memory cells
A

B cells

112
Q
  • developed in the thymus
  • cell mediated immunity
  • helps develop b cell immunity
  • has diff types
    T cells (most)
    suppressor
    cytotoxic
    memory cells
A

T cells

113
Q

takes part in inflammatory and immune response

  • perforins and proteases
  • granzymes induces apoptosis
A

Natural killer cells

114
Q

larger than Large Lymphocytes (in vivo & in smears),

sometimes hard to differentiate

A

MONOCYTES

115
Q

cytoplasm of monocyttes

A

more abundant than Large Lymphocytes

- paler than large lypmpho

116
Q

function of monocytes

A

precursor of marcophages

117
Q

tyes of blood cells

A 
macrophages 
lymphocyte 
neutrophil 
eosinophil 
basophil 
monocyte 
erthrocyte 
platelets

Module 5 Hematology (4 decks)

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