Blood histology Flashcards
1
Q
what is blood
A
a special type of connective tissue
2
Q
this is the intercellular substance of the blood
A
plasma
3
Q
cellulalr elements,
rbc, wbc and platelets
A
formed elements
4
Q
what are the fluid that circulates the cardiovascular system
A
blood:
oxygenated - light red
deoxy - dark red or purple
5
Q
functions of the blood
A
- carry O2 from lungs and nutrients from gastro
- carries CO2 and waste to disposal site
- defends body from pathogens
- tells states of the organ
6
Q
what is the body weight of blood
A
8%
5L of 60Kg person
7
Q
what is the ph of blood
A
slight alkaline 7.4
8
Q
when blood seperates in centrifuges what are the layers that are present
A
Plasma 54%
Buffy coat 1%
Red blood cells 45%
9
Q
what are the buffy coats 1%
A
wbcs and platelets
10
Q
a protein in blood clotting, forms fibrous network and formed elements
A
Fibrin
11
Q
what produces fibrin
A
Fibrinogen
12
Q
what stays when the clot is removed
A
Serum
13
Q
what is - transparent yellow
- 90% water
- dissolved substances
- organic compunds
A
Plasma
14
Q
what are the plasma proteins
A
- albumin
- globuins
- fibrinogen
- lipoproteins
- the complement system
- proenzymes
- hormones
15
Q
what are the plasma proteins that are synthesized in the liver
A
all except for gamm globulins and regular proteins
16
Q
this plasma protein
- 60% plasma
- smallest plsama protein
- maintains colloid protein
- binds and transports such as fatty acids and steroid hormones
A
Albumin
17
Q
this plasma protein - 36% plasma - 3 kinds Alpha Beta Gamma
A
Globulins
18
Q
this type of globulins
- binds and transports substances to various parts of the body
A
Alpha
19
Q
this type of globulins
- binds and transports substances to various parts of the body
A
Beta
20
Q
this type of globulins
- compromises of antibodies of immune system
- weight of molecular 80000 to 1 million
A
Gamma
21
Q
this plasma protein -4% plasma - precursor of fibrin - final step protein for blood clotting
A
Fibrinogen
22
Q
this plasma protein
- <1%
- transports lipids from interstine to liver and from liver to tissues
A
lipoproteins
23
Q
this plasma protein
- <1%
- > 20 proteins
- involved in inflammatory and immune responses
A
Complement system
24
Q
Percentage of blood volume accounted for by RBcs around 45%
A
Hematocrit
25
where are most formed elemnts found
in the rbcs
26
where is hematocrit used
- to find if there is anemia
- indirect count of rbcs in blood
45- 54% male
37 - 57% female
27
Number of rbcs
4.0 - 6.0 million/cu mm
28
Number of rbcs in male
4.5 - 6.0 million/cu mm
29
Number of rbcs in female
4.0 - 5.5 million/cu mm
30
Number of platelets
150,000 - 400,000 /cu mm
31
number of wbcs
4,500 - 10,500 /cu mm
32
5 types of WBCS
- Neutrophils 50-70
- Eosinophils 2-5
- Basophils 0-1
- Lymphocytes 20-40
- Monocytes 3-7
33
this type of wbcs
| - increased
Leukocytosis
34
what is wbcs important for
diagnostic tools for monitoring diseases
35
elevated Wbcs
Leukocytosis
36
iBC counncreased percentage of neutrophils › Observed in certain viral infections:
Neutrophilia
37
WBC count is less than normal
Leukopenia
38
Shape of the formed elements
- Biconcave discs
- round flat on surface
RBCS
39
Shape of the formed elements
- biconvex discs
- coronal view
- ovate transverse view
Platelets
40
Shape of the formed elements
- spherical in blood
- pleomorphic or ameboid
WBC
41
Sizes of the formed elements of blood in Vivo
```
RBC- 7.5
platelets - 2-3
neutrophil 7
eosinophil - 9
basophil - 7
monocytes - 9-12
```
lymphocyte
small - 6-12
large 9-12
42
Sizes of the formed elements of blood in blood smear
```
RBC- 7.5
platelets - 2-3
neutrophil 10-12
eosinophil - 12-14
basophil - 10-12
monocytes - 17-20
```
lymphocyte
small - 8-15
large 11-15
43
what is the lifespan of rbcs
120 days
44
life span of Platelets
9 to 12 days
45
lifespan of wbcs in blood
```
Neutrophil 8hrs
Eosinophil 3-8hrs
Basophil days
Lymphocyte unknown
monocyte - 1-2 days
```
46
lifespan of wbcs in tissues
```
Neutrophil 1-4days
Eosinophil 8-12days
Basophil days
Lymphocyte months years
monocyte - 70 days
```
47
what makes the color of blood red
rbcs
| hemoglobin
48
where are rbcs made
bone marrow
49
anucleate and devoid of organelles and also loaded with dissolved hemoglobin
rbcs
50
- bigger than mature RBCs
| - .8% of circulating RBCs in the form of immature cells called
reticulocytes
51
Globular protein which comprises 33% of the mass of RBCs
- globin
- heme
Hemoglobin
52
normal count of hemoglobin in
male
female
14-18g
| 12-16g per 100ml blood
53
what is globin
protein molecule
54
what is heme
iron containing compound
55
RBCs that contains normal amount of hemoglobin (pinkish in color)
Normochromic
56
RBCs that contain less than normal amount of hemoglobin (paler
Hypochromic
57
RBCs that contain more than normal amount of hemoglobin (stain more intensely)
Hyperchromic
58
is term used for RBCs that manifest variations in size; could be observed in some disease conditions
Anisocytosis
59
normal sized RBCs
Normocytes
60
RBCs that are greater than 9um in diameter
Macrocytes
61
RBCs that are less than 6um in diameter
Microcytes
62
term used when RBCs tend to adhere to each other on their flat surfaces like a stack of coins
› common to find in thick smears
Rouleaux Formation
63
is also the occurrence of stacked RBCs that can be observed at thin smears
True Rouleaux
64
what does true rouleaux signifyy
increased amount of plasma
particularly fibrinogen and globulins.
65
a hypotonic solution, RBCs undergo
Hemolysis
66
What happens during hemolysis
cells initially swell → become spherical
cell membrane stretches → hemoglobin leaks
out
67
“ERYTHROCYTE GHOSTS” – pale
| membrane bound structures
“ERYTHROCYTE GHOSTS”
68
Sometimes RBCs form surface spicules or spines called
Echinocytes
69
when RBCs exhibit variation in shape
Poikilocytosis
70
substance which immune system perceives as foreign to
the body → consequently induces an immune response → in
the case of RBC, comes in the form of production
Antigen
71
There are two kinds of antigen:
A and B
72
those who have RBCs that contains
| antigen A
Type A Blood:
73
those who have RBCs that contains
| antigen B
Type B Blood:
74
those who have both A and B antigens.
Type AB Blood:
75
those who have neither of the two
| antigens.
› Type O blood:
76
those with Rh antigen on the surface
| of their RBCs
Rh positive:
77
those that do not have the Rh
antigen; do not have naturally-occuring anti-RH
antibodies in their plasma
Rh negative:
78
Also known as thromboplastids
- membrane bound fragments
produced by megakaryocytes
PLATELETS
79
Parts of Platelets
- Granulomere
| - Hyyalomere
80
it produces platelets
- giant cells
- fragmentation of the cytoplasm
Megakaryoctyes
81
dark-staining central portion that contains basophilic
granules (often referred to as azurophilic granules)
has cytoplasmic organelles
-
Ganulomere
82
Clear, peripheral portion; no organelles
- involved in homeostasis
- Platelet adhesion:
- Platelet aggregation:
- Release blood clotting-factors
Hyalomere
83
adhere to exposed collagen fiber
Platelet adhesion:
84
platelets stick to each other
platelets stick to each other
85
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
86
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
87
for any cytoplasmic granule that stains
with azure or a similar blue aniline dye
- present in a number of cell types including all
```
Nonspecific granules (azurophilic; primary
granules)
```
88
a nuclear appandage found in the neutrophil that is attached to the lobe
condensed inactive chromosome X
Barr body or Drumstick
89
- immature neutrophils
- normally seen in blood
- s shaped or horsehoe shaped
Stab cells
90
what is the function of stab cells
defends the body against pathogenic bacteria and
other foreign substances
- via phagocytosis
91
apoptotic polymorphonuclear cells
| APCs
either indirectly or directly by presenting
| antigens to T cells
92
- terminally differentiated cells that
| have very few cytoplasmic organelles
Mature neutrophils
93
granules of the neutrophils die, they form
| part of the pus, and if pus formation occurs,
pus cells.
94
known for the presence of large granules that stain
| pink to brick red in routine blood smears
EOSINOPHILS (Eosinophilic Leukocyte)
95
nucleus of eosinophils
2-3 lobes
| › chromatin less coarse than neutrophils
96
cytoplasm of eosinophils
coarse, refractile
- intensely eosinophilic
- contain cationic proteins and hydrolytic
enzymes
and smaller than specific granules
97
these cells are in -parasitism and cancers
| - asthma and allergy
EOSINOPHILS
98
cytoplasm of basophils
Specific granules
- coarser but fewer than in eosinophils
- metachromatic but purple usually
- contain histamine and heparin
- water-soluble
99
nucleus of basophils
j or U shaped
100
- releases histamine
- immediate type hypersensitivity (Type 1)
during anaphylactic shock
function of basophils
101
comparing mast cells and basophils
- Basophils are smaller and have shorter
lifespan than mast cells
- other all is the same
- same bone marrow but diff proginator
102
- family of cells that look alike under the cells
- 98% not in the blood
- principal agents of the immune system
- in lymphoid tissue
LYMPHOCYTES
103
true or false
| b and t cells occasionally leave the lymphoid
True
104
what recirculate more
| B or T cells
T cell
105
types of lymphocyte
Small
| Large
106
- most are in the blood 97%
| - usually inactive
Smally lymphocytes
107
- 3% in the blood
- thought to be young lymphocyte
- currently as NK or activated lympho..
Large cells
108
type of lymphocyte where organelle is found
small
109
6-9 size
round shaped
deeply staining
Small Lymphocyte
110
9-12 size
large but pale
prominent nucleolus
Large lymphocyte
111
- made in Bone marrow
- Function: hummoral immunity
- daughter cells differentiate to plasma and memory cells
B cells
112
- developed in the thymus
- cell mediated immunity
- helps develop b cell immunity
- has diff types
T cells (most)
suppressor
cytotoxic
memory cells
T cells
113
takes part in inflammatory and immune response
- perforins and proteases
- granzymes induces apoptosis
Natural killer cells
114
larger than Large Lymphocytes (in vivo & in smears),
| sometimes hard to differentiate
MONOCYTES
115
cytoplasm of monocyttes
more abundant than Large Lymphocytes
| - paler than large lypmpho
116
function of monocytes
precursor of marcophages
117
tyes of blood cells
```
macrophages
lymphocyte
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
monocyte
erthrocyte
platelets
```
