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Clinical Chemistry > Blood Gases/Electrolytes > Flashcards

Blood Gases/Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

HCO3 is displaced by

A

Cl-

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2
Q

ROME

A

Respiratory Opposite – Metabolic Equal

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3
Q

Compensation

A

Respiratory compensated by metabolic

Metabolic compensated by respiratory

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4
Q

Why is the maintenance of pH important?

A

pH is essential to normal enzyme activity and biological processes

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5
Q

What are the panic values for pH

A

&laquo_space;7.2 or&raquo_space; 7.6

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6
Q

Rate and Depth of Respiration is caused by changes in ______.

A

CO2

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7
Q

The main purpose of acid-base balance is to

A

Maintain normal concentrations of H+

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8
Q

What are the parameters of acid base balance?

A

pH, pCO2, and HCO3

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9
Q

Acid base balance is achieved mostly through the actions of these two organs:

A

Lungs and kidneys.

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10
Q

Reference range for pCO2

A

45 - 35

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11
Q

Metabolic compensation helps with _____ problems

A

Respiratory

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12
Q

The largest buffer in blood is

A

Bicarbonate

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13
Q

How does the kidney maintain HCO3 homeostasis?

A

Excretes HCO3 if high, retains HCO3 if low.

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14
Q

Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

A

pH = pKa + log ( HCO3 / pCO2 )

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15
Q

Ideal ratio of HCO3:pCO2

A

20:1

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16
Q

The ratio of HCO3:pCO2 is increased in _____.

A

Alkalosis (inc. pH)

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17
Q

The ratio of HCO3:pCO2 is decreased in _____

A

Acidosis (dec. pH)

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18
Q

Lack of O2 _____ blood vessels

A

Constricts

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19
Q

pH sensors sense H+ produced by _____.

A

H2CO3 –> HCO3 + H+

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20
Q

First line of defense in blood gas imbalance.

A

Buffers remove or release H+

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21
Q

Second line of defense in blood gas imbalance.

A

Lungs eliminate or retain CO2

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22
Q

Third line of defense in blood gas imbalance.

A

Kidneys retain HCO3 reducing fixed acids and elimination of H+

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23
Q

This compensation mechanism is immediate

A

Blood buffering (I)

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24
Q

This compensation mechanism occurs within seconds to minutes.

A

Lung compensation (II)

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25
Q

This compensation mechanism occurs within hours to days.

A

Kidney Compensation (III)

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26
Q

What is the order of compensation mechanisms?

A

Buffer –> Lungs –> Kidneys

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27
Q

This is regulated by both the lungs and kidneys

A

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid system

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28
Q

H+ is eliminated in the form of _____.

A

CO2

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29
Q

When plasma CO2 is high, it combines with _____ to form _____ which dissociates.

A

H2O

Carbonic acid

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30
Q

Abbreviation for deoxyhemoglobin

A

HHb

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31
Q

Abbreviation for oxygenated hemoglobin

A

O2Hb

32
Q

Anion gap equation

A

(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)

33
Q

SLUMPED

A 
Salicylate
Lactic Acid
Methanol
Polyethylene glycol
Ethanol
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
34
Q

Reference Range of Anion Gap

A

10 to 17 mEq/L

35
Q

Largest most important ECF cation

A

Na+

36
Q

Major ECF anion

A

Cl-

37
Q

Tetany

A

Cramps

38
Q

______ follows ______.

A

Sodium, Water

39
Q

Severe polyuria can be caused by

A

Hyponatremia

40
Q

ADH is released in response to

A

High Na+

41
Q

Decreased Na+ causes

A

ADH inhibition

42
Q

Calcium panic values

A

&laquo_space;2.8

|&raquo_space; 6.0

43
Q

Where is 98 pct of the body’s calcium?

A

Bones

44
Q

What percentage of calcium is free or ionized?

A

45 pct

45
Q

Where is Calcium absorbed?

A

Small intestine/jejunum

46
Q

This vitamin is important for Calcium absorption

A

D

47
Q

This hormone helps mobilize Calcium from bones during times of low calcium

A

PTH

48
Q

Specimen choice for Calcium

A

Unhemolyzed serum or plasma

49
Q

Cl- displaces

A

HCO3-

50
Q

Ions that exist within body fluids capable of carrying an electric charge

A

Electrolytes

51
Q

Should one draw above or below the catheter line? Why?

A

Above, prevents dilution with fluid

52
Q

Osmol gap

A

Difference between measured osmolality and calculated osmolality

53
Q

Osmol gap equation

A

2Na + (glucose/20) + (BUN/3)

54
Q

mEq/L of anions OR cations

A

154 mEq/L

55
Q

Comprises more than 90% of total cations

A

Na+

56
Q

Decreased Na+ inhibits _____.

A

ADH

57
Q

Reference range for sodium

A

137 - 145 mEq/L

58
Q

Reference range for K+

A

3.7 - 5.0 mEq/L

59
Q

Addison’s disease can lead to increased values of _____.

A

K+

60
Q

Tourniquets can falsely increase _____

A

K+

61
Q

Aldosterone has an effect on _____ levels.

A

Na+

62
Q

Diabetes can lead to decreased _____.

A

K+

63
Q

Important functions of Potassium (nervous system)

A

Regulation of neuromuscular excitability

Heart contractions

64
Q

Important functions of Potassium (chemistry)

A

pH regulation

Maintenance of ICF volume

65
Q

Hyponatremia can cause _____ due to Na+ combining with _____.

A

Metabolic acidosis

Ketone Acid Ions

66
Q

_____ is an activator of several enzymes, e.g., phosphatases.

A

Mg++

67
Q

Reference range for Ca++

A

8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL

68
Q

_____ is an especially important ion for macromolecular structures of DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.

A

Mg++

69
Q

Increased _____ follow increased Na+

A

Cl-

70
Q

Second largest anion fraction in the plasma

A

HCO3-

71
Q

Specimen for measuring HCO3-

A

Freshly drawn, chilled, heparinized whole blood

72
Q

What disease is caused by Vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency?

A

Rickets

73
Q

What are the cells in kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells.

74
Q

What is the old name for Renin?

What is ACE?

A

Angiotensinase

Angiotensin converting enzyme

75
Q

As a result of renin and ACE this hormone is released from the adrenal gland.

A

Aldosterone

76
Q

_____ in vasculature sense renal perfusion pressure.

A

Baroreceptors/stretch receptors

77
Q

Osmol gap equation that factors in FP

A

1.86Na+ Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 + 9

Clinical Chemistry (8 decks)

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