Blood Gases/Electrolytes Flashcards by Braiden A

HCO3 is displaced by

Cl-

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ROME

Respiratory Opposite – Metabolic Equal

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Compensation

Respiratory compensated by metabolic

Metabolic compensated by respiratory

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Why is the maintenance of pH important?

pH is essential to normal enzyme activity and biological processes

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What are the panic values for pH

&laquo_space;7.2 or&raquo_space; 7.6

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Rate and Depth of Respiration is caused by changes in ______.

CO2

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The main purpose of acid-base balance is to

Maintain normal concentrations of H+

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What are the parameters of acid base balance?

pH, pCO2, and HCO3

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Acid base balance is achieved mostly through the actions of these two organs:

Lungs and kidneys.

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Reference range for pCO2

45 - 35

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Metabolic compensation helps with _____ problems

Respiratory

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The largest buffer in blood is

Bicarbonate

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How does the kidney maintain HCO3 homeostasis?

Excretes HCO3 if high, retains HCO3 if low.

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Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

pH = pKa + log ( HCO3 / pCO2 )

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Ideal ratio of HCO3:pCO2

20:1

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The ratio of HCO3:pCO2 is increased in _____.

Alkalosis (inc. pH)

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The ratio of HCO3:pCO2 is decreased in _____

Acidosis (dec. pH)

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Lack of O2 _____ blood vessels

Constricts

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pH sensors sense H+ produced by _____.

H2CO3 –> HCO3 + H+

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First line of defense in blood gas imbalance.

Buffers remove or release H+

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Second line of defense in blood gas imbalance.

Lungs eliminate or retain CO2

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Third line of defense in blood gas imbalance.

Kidneys retain HCO3 reducing fixed acids and elimination of H+

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This compensation mechanism is immediate

Blood buffering (I)

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This compensation mechanism occurs within seconds to minutes.

Lung compensation (II)

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This compensation mechanism occurs within hours to days.

Kidney Compensation (III)

What is the order of compensation mechanisms?

Buffer --> Lungs --> Kidneys

This is regulated by both the lungs and kidneys

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid system

H+ is eliminated in the form of _____.

CO2

When plasma CO2 is high, it combines with _____ to form _____ which dissociates.

H2O | Carbonic acid

Abbreviation for deoxyhemoglobin

HHb

Abbreviation for oxygenated hemoglobin

O2Hb

Anion gap equation

(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)

SLUMPED

``` Salicylate Lactic Acid Methanol Polyethylene glycol Ethanol Diabetic Ketoacidosis ```

Reference Range of Anion Gap

10 to 17 mEq/L

Largest most important ECF cation

Na+

Major ECF anion

Cl-

Tetany

Cramps

______ follows ______.

Sodium, Water

Severe polyuria can be caused by

Hyponatremia

ADH is released in response to

High Na+

Decreased Na+ causes

ADH inhibition

Calcium panic values

<< 2.8 | >> 6.0

Where is 98 pct of the body's calcium?

Bones

What percentage of calcium is free or ionized?

45 pct

Where is Calcium absorbed?

Small intestine/jejunum

This vitamin is important for Calcium absorption

This hormone helps mobilize Calcium from bones during times of low calcium

PTH

Specimen choice for Calcium

Unhemolyzed serum or plasma

Cl- displaces

HCO3-

Ions that exist within body fluids capable of carrying an electric charge

Electrolytes

Should one draw above or below the catheter line? Why?

Above, prevents dilution with fluid

Osmol gap

Difference between measured osmolality and calculated osmolality

Osmol gap equation

2Na + (glucose/20) + (BUN/3)

mEq/L of anions OR cations

154 mEq/L

Comprises more than 90% of total cations

Na+

Decreased Na+ inhibits _____.

ADH

Reference range for sodium

137 - 145 mEq/L

Reference range for K+

3.7 - 5.0 mEq/L

Addison's disease can lead to increased values of _____.

K+

Tourniquets can falsely increase _____

K+

Aldosterone has an effect on _____ levels.

Na+

Diabetes can lead to decreased _____.

K+

Important functions of Potassium (nervous system)

Regulation of neuromuscular excitability | Heart contractions

Important functions of Potassium (chemistry)

pH regulation | Maintenance of ICF volume

Hyponatremia can cause _____ due to Na+ combining with _____.

Metabolic acidosis | Ketone Acid Ions

_____ is an activator of several enzymes, e.g., phosphatases.

Mg++

Reference range for Ca++

8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL

_____ is an especially important ion for macromolecular structures of DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.

Mg++

Increased _____ follow increased Na+

Cl-

Second largest anion fraction in the plasma

HCO3-

Specimen for measuring HCO3-

Freshly drawn, chilled, heparinized whole blood

What disease is caused by Vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency?

Rickets

What are the cells in kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete renin?

Juxtaglomerular cells.

What is the old name for Renin? What is ACE?

Angiotensinase Angiotensin converting enzyme

As a result of renin and ACE this hormone is released from the adrenal gland.

Aldosterone

_____ in vasculature sense renal perfusion pressure.

Baroreceptors/stretch receptors

Osmol gap equation that factors in FP

1.86Na+ Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 + 9