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Parasitology Exam 3 > Blood Flukes > Flashcards

Blood Flukes Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Flukes Other Name

A

Schistosomes

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2
Q

Schistosoma Major Species

A
  • S. haematobium
  • S. mansoni
  • S. japonicum
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3
Q

Ways Schistosomes differ from other Trematodes

A
  • Dioecious
  • Males have specialized canal
  • Life cycle
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4
Q

Schistosoma Male vs Female

A

Male:

  • Shorter/Stouter
  • Gynecophoric Canal
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5
Q

Gynecophoric Canal

A

Schistosome Male canal where female reside/copulate

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6
Q

Schistosoma are missing

A

Pharynx

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7
Q

Schistosoma have a prominent

A

Esophogus have prominent Esophageal glands

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8
Q

Schistosoma paired what

A

Intestinal Ceca Fusec

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9
Q

Schistosoma Male Reproductive Characteristics

A
  • 5-9 testes (depending on species)
  • Gneital opens posterior to Ventral Sucker
  • Cirrus Absent
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10
Q

Schistosoma Adults live where and do what

A

In veins, draining certain host abdomen organs

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11
Q

Schistosoma haematobium live where

A

Urinary Bladder Veins

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12
Q

Schistosoma mansoni live where

A

Large Intestine Veins

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13
Q

Schistosoma japonicum live where

A

Small Intestine Veins

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14
Q

Schistosoma Females reside where

A

Gynecophorcic Canal to Copulate

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15
Q

Gynecophorcic Canal does what

A

Transfers Nutrients/Hormones from male to female, vice versa

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16
Q

Schistosoma Males/Females migrate where to lay eggs

A

Smaller Venules

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17
Q

Schistosoma Miracidium

A
  • Poor Development

- Develop in Freshly Hatched Egg but well formed before reaching Lumen of infected Organ

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18
Q

Schistosoma Eggs movement in Definitive Host

A
  • Eggs penetrate Vein Wall
  • Enter Lumen of Gut or Bladder
  • Escape through urine or feces
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19
Q

Schistosoma amount of eggs that “make it”

A
  • 1/3 reach exterior
  • Remaining are trapped in Urinary Bladder or Intestinal Walls or swept back by blood flow to become lodged in Liver/Spleen/etc
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20
Q

S. mansoni Eggs pass through

A

Feces

-Large, lateral Spine

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21
Q

S. haematobium Eggs pass through

A

Urine

-Prominent Terminal Spine

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22
Q

S. japonicum pass through

A

Feces

  • Vestigal, nubby Lateral Spine
  • More Rounded than other 2
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23
Q

Eggs lack

A

Operculum

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24
Q

Eggs type

A

Embryontaed (contains mature miracidium)

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25
Q

Eggs hatch

A

In freshwater

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26
Q

Miracidium Life span

A

2-5hr

  • Enter snail host
  • Transforms into Sporcysts
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27
Q

Sporocysts produce

A

2nd generation Sporocyst only

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28
Q

Migratory Sporocyst

A

(2nd gen)

Move to digestive glands or gonads to produce another Sporocyst generation or Cercaria

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29
Q

Cercaria leave Sporocyst

A

Through Sporocyst birth pore and exit Snail Tissue

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30
Q

Escape Glands

A
  • Located in cephalic region of Cercaria

- Aided leaving Cercaria by secretions

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31
Q

Cercaria tails

A

Forked tails move in figure 8 for 1-3 days

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32
Q

2nd Intermediate host

A

Absent

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33
Q

Cercaria infect how

A
  • Contact with Mammalian Skin, attracted to skin secretions

- Secretions from Penetration Gland help penetrate Skin

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34
Q

What happens to Cercaria Tail

A

Cast off after Penetration

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35
Q

Cercaria size after Penetration

A

Worms become smaller as glands empty secretions

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36
Q

Within 24hr of Skin Penetration what happens

A
  • Now called Schistosomula

- Enter Peripheral Circulation and swept to Right Side of Heart

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37
Q

Schistosomula go where

A
  • Appear in Pulmonary Capillaries by Day 3 since Penetration
  • After 1wk to 10days move through Pulmonary Vein to Right side of Heart
  • Into Systemic Circulation
38
Q

Schistosomula feed on

A

Red Blood Cells

39
Q

Schistosomula reach where for Sexual Maturity

A

Hepatic Portal Veins

-Week 3

40
Q

Worms migrate from Hepatic Portal Veins to

A

Preferred sitesin body

41
Q

Egg production begins time frame

A

4-8 weeks after infection

42
Q

Adults lifespan

A

2-5 years, some up to 25-30 years

43
Q

What happens to Unpaired Females

A
  • Do not become Sexual Mature
  • Appearance of Starvng
  • Produce little Digestive Enzymes
  • Ingest 1/4 of RBCs compared to paired Females
44
Q

Schistosome infection rate

A

5% of world’s population

45
Q

Schistosome disease

A

Schistosomiasis

46
Q

Schistosomiasis effects

A
  • Most common cause of bladder calcification

- Serious in Urinary Tract as increase of Bladder Cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)

47
Q

Urolithiasis

A

Stones inside Ureter

48
Q

Additional complications of Schistosome

A
  • Ascending Urinary Tract Infection

- Urethral/Ureteral Stricture with subsequentRenal Failure

49
Q

Schistosomiasis ratio

A

Men:women
9:1

50
Q

Schistosomiasis age mostly

A

Younger than 30 years

51
Q

Schistosomiasis in children

A

Worse. Develop anemia, learning difficulties, malnutrition

52
Q

Main cause of Schistosomiasis

A

Human waste in water containing snail hosts

53
Q

Survival of Schistosome depends on

A

Human’s polluting water fecal wants

54
Q

Preventing Schistosoma

A

Adequate Sewage Treatment. Lacking in Poor Countries

55
Q

Schistosoma vulnerable groups

A
  • Farmers in irrigation water
  • Fisherman in laks/steams
  • Children in contaminated water bodies
  • Women washing clothes in streams
56
Q

S. mansoni prevalent where

A
  • Africa, South America, Caribbean, parts of Middle east

- Reservoir hosts not important

57
Q

S. haematobium prevalent where

A
  • Africa, parts of Arabia, Mid East

- Reservoir hosts not important

58
Q

S. japonicum prevalent where

A
  • Far East, No longer in Japan

- Control is tough because many reservoir hosts exist

59
Q

Swimmer’s Itch Real Name

A

Cercarial dermatitis

60
Q

Swimmer’s caused by

A
  • Cercariae of nonhuman blood flukes (birds) attack humans causing dermatitis
  • Do not enter blood stream
  • Destroyed by Human’s Immune System
  • Materials produced by dead/dying Cercaria cause localized Inflammatory Rx
61
Q

Swimmer’s itch characterized by

A
  • Intense itching
  • Local Edema
  • Symptoms usually disappear after a few days
62
Q

Schistosomiasis symptoms

A

Fatigue

  • headache
  • stiff neck
  • lethargic
  • neurologic symptoms due to CNS complications
63
Q

Schistosomiasis phases

A
  1. Initial
  2. Intermediate
  3. Final
64
Q

Initial Phase begins how

A
  • 4-10wk after infection

- During Migration from lints to liver to hepatic portal system

65
Q

Initial Phase Symptoms

A
  • Fever, allergies (skin rashes), ab pain, bronchitis, liver/spleen enlargement, diarrhea
  • Most serious damage caused by eggs
66
Q

Intermediate Phase time

A

Longer. lasting 2months to multiple years after infection

67
Q

Intermediate Phase Bloody Stools

A

Result from intestine infection from
S. japonicum
S. mansoni

68
Q

Intermediate Phase Hematuria

A
  • Blood in urine

- Due to S. haematobium eggs passage via Urinary Bladder

69
Q

Intermediate Phase Other symptoms Urinary

A

Frequent Urination and Dysuria (painful urination)

70
Q

Final Phase Characterizations

A

Most Serious

-Severae Intestinal, renal, and hepatic pathology caused by rx of host to eggs

71
Q

Final Phase Eggs lodging causes

A
  • In venuoles act as foreign bodies

- Cause Inflammatory ex, even cirrhosis/anemia

72
Q

Granuloma/Pseudotubercles

A
  • Final phase

- Eggs become fibrous nodules

73
Q

Final Phase additional effects

A

Small abscesses leading to necrosis and ulceration

74
Q

Hepatosplenomelagy

A
  • Final Phase

- Marked enlargement of liver/spleen

75
Q

Repeated infection of S. haematobium leads

A

Bladder cancer

76
Q

Urogential Schistosomiasis caused by

A

S. haematobium

77
Q

Urogential Schistosomiasis concern where

A

Africa and Mid East

78
Q

Urogential Schistosomiasis in Women

A
  • Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS)
  • Lesions of cervix/vagina
  • Nodules in vulva
  • Vaginal Bleeding,
  • Pain during sex
79
Q

Link for HIV acquisition in women

A

FGS

80
Q

Genital Schistosomiasis in men

A 
Pathology:
-Seminal Vesicles
-Prostate
Other Organs
-Can cause infertility
81
Q

Bladder and uterus fibrosis

A

Common in advance cases of Urogenital Schistosomiasis

82
Q

Hydronephrosis

A
  • Swelling of Kidneys from urine backup

- Common in advance cases of Urogenital Schistosomiasis

83
Q

Most grave species

A

S. japonicum.

Produces up to 3k eggs a day

84
Q

S. japonicum is true what

A

Zoonosis

85
Q

S. japonicum chronic disease can lead to (issues)

A
  • Fever
  • Liver firbrosis
  • Liver Cirrhosis
  • Liver Portal Hypertension
  • Splenomegaly
  • Ascites
86
Q

S. japonicum eggs can enter

A

Lungs, brain, spinal cord, other organs

87
Q

S. japonicum eggs enter other organs causes

A

Paralysis, coma death

88
Q

ID

A

Feces

Urine for S. haematobium, accompanied hematuria

89
Q

Treatment

A

Praziquantel

90
Q

They protect themselves how

A

Antigens on surface disguise worm’s surface from immune system

91
Q

Tourist Prevention

A

In endemic regions avoid water bodies contact

92
Q

Indigenous Populations Control

A

-Preventing water contact
-Mass chemo
Snail destruction
-Biological Agents
-Habitats Alteration
-Sanitary Feces/ruine disposal

Parasitology Exam 3 (3 decks)

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