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Oral Pathology 2nd Year > Blood Disorders > Flashcards

Blood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Formation of blood cells

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2
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in children?

A

bone marrow and (lesserdegree) spleen and liver

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3
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adult?

A

bone marrow and lesser degree liver and spleen (during disease)

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4
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in utero?

A

yolk sac, bone marrow, liver and spleen

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5
Q

What is excessive bleeding called?

A

hemorrhage

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6
Q

What is excessive clotting called?

A

thrombus, embolus

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7
Q

What are 2 disorders of red blood cells?

A
  1. Anemia 2. Polycythemia
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8
Q

What is anemia?

A

Abnormal reduction in number of RBC’s, quantity of hemoglobin, or concentration of RBC’s in the blood

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9
Q

What are 7 signs and symptoms of anemia?

A
  1. fatigue 2. paleness 3. tachycardia 4. shortness of breath 5. dizziness 6. headache 7.coldness and tingling in extremities
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10
Q

What are 2 causes of loss of RBC’s?

A
  1. loss of blood 2. increased rate of RBC destruction (hemolytic disease)
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11
Q

What are 2 causes of decreased production of RBC’s?

A
  1. nutrient deficiency 2. bone marrow disorders
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12
Q

What are 2 causes of chronic blood loss?

A
  1. Menstruation in females 2. bleeding from gastrointestinal ulcers
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13
Q

3 causes of anemia due to hemolytic disease? (increased rate of RBC destruction)

A
  1. thalassemia 2. sickle cell anemia 3. erythroblastosis fetalis
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14
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

decreased synthesis of hemoglobin components. As a result RBC’s are recognized as abnormal and are destroyed.

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15
Q

What would we see on a radiograph of someone with thalassemia/sickle cell anemia?

A

“hair-on-end” and “step-ladder” trabecular pattern

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16
Q
A

Hair on end radiographic appearance from

  1. thalassemia
  2. sickle cell anemia
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17
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

crescent shaped morphology of RBC’s (amino acid change from genetic mutation). RBC’s are recognized as abnormal and are destroyed

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18
Q

What is the other name for eryhtoblastosis fetalis?

A

Hemolytic disease of new-born

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19
Q

What is eryhtroblastosis fetalis?

A

Occurs when an Rh- mother has a Rh+ child on first pregnancy, during delivery, there is blood exchange and the mother develops Rh antibodies. During the next pregnancy if the fetus is Rh positive. The mothers antibody will cross the placenta and destroy the RBC’s of the fetus.

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20
Q

What are 2 anemias due to nutritional deficiencies?

A
  1. pernicious anemia
  2. iron deficiency anemia
21
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

When parietal cells of gastric mucosa do not funciton properly and dont properly produce “intrinsic factor”. Instrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitabin B12. WIthout it, RBC’s are abnormal.

22
Q

What is iron deficiency anemia?

A

Lack of iron leads to decreased production of RBC’s?

23
Q

What person is iron deficiency anemia most common?

A

women of child bearing age (menstrual blood loss)

24
Q

What are 3 other symptoms associated with iron deficiciency anemia… other than decreased RBC’s

A
  1. angular chelitis
  2. loss of filiform papillae
  3. distortion of taste
25
Q

What are the symptoms of Plummer-Vinson Syndrome?

A

it is a syndrome exhibiting iron deficiency anemia, esophageal webs-strictures, and increased risk of esophageal/oral cancer

26
Q

What is an example of anemia due to bone marrow disorders?

A

Aplastic Anemia

27
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

failure of stem cells to form RBC’s, white blood cells, and platelets

28
Q

What are the 5 signs/symptoms of aplastic anemia?

A
  1. weakness
  2. pallor
  3. infections
  4. ulcers
  5. hemorrhage
29
Q

What is Polycythemia?

A

Increase in RBC’s per unit volume of blood

30
Q

What are the 3 types of polycythemia?

A
  1. relative polycythemia
  2. physiologic polycythemia
  3. pathologic polycythemia
31
Q

What is relative polycythemia? what are the symptoms?

A

decrease in plasma volume results in hemoconcentration

vomitting, diarrhea, dehydration

32
Q

What is the cause of pathologic polycythemia?

A

often idiopathic but can be due to abnoraml increase in eryhtropoiesis, and may be related to medications, or presence of neoplasms

33
Q

What is the negative effect of polycythemia?

A

blood flow is sluggish and may lead to ischemia and thrombosis

34
Q

2 examples of non-neoplastic leukopenia

A
  1. agranulocytosis
  2. cyclic neutropenia
35
Q

What is agranulocytosis?

A

Decrease in WBC’s, particularly neutrophils (PMNs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

36
Q

What is cyclic neutropenia?

A

unsual from of agranulocytosis

37
Q

What is cyclic neutropenia?

A

periodic or cyclic decrease in circulation neutrophils due to transient bone marrow maturation arrest

38
Q

What is an example of non-neoplastic leukocytosis?

A

infectious mononucleosis

39
Q

What is the cause of infectious mononucleosis?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

40
Q

What is the result of having infectious mononucleosis?

A

increase in atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Patient will ahve fever, chills, nausea, vomitting, pharyngitis. May also cause intraoral petechiae

41
Q

What are 3 malignancies of WBC’s

A
  1. Leukemias
  2. Lymphomas
  3. multiple myeloma
42
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

Overproduction of immature WBC’s.

43
Q

What are 3 types of leukemia?

A

myeloid, lymphoid, monocytic

44
Q

What is Lymphoma?

A

overproduction of malignant lymphocytes (from lymph nodes)

45
Q

What are the different types of lymphomas?

A
  1. non-hodgkin
  2. hodgkin
46
Q

signs and symptoms of lymphomas?

A

fever, weight loss, nocturnal sweats

47
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

multicentric lesions involving bone. most frequent in elderly males

48
Q

What people are multiple myelomas most common in?

A

Elderly males

49
Q

radiographic features of multiple myeloma?

A

punched-out radiolucencies of skull

Oral Pathology 2nd Year (9 decks)

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