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Haematology > Blood components > Flashcards

Blood components Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main components of blood?

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets
Plasma

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2
Q

What is contained in plasma?

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets
Soluble fibrinogen

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3
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Coagulation

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4
Q

How are platelets produced?

A

Budding off multinucleated megakaryocytes

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5
Q

What is the main purpose of RBC?

A

O2 transportation

Buffer CO2

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6
Q

What are some structural peculiarities of the RBC?

A 
Biconcave disk
Full of haemoglobin
No nucleus
No mitochondria
High surface area/volume ratio
Flexible
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7
Q

Why are RBC full of haemoglobin?

A

To carry O2

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8
Q

What problem does haemoglobin cause for the cell?

A

Gives high oncotic gradient

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9
Q

How does the cell cope with the oncotic gradient associated with haemoglobin?

A

NaK ATPase

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10
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

Tetrameric globular protein

Haems (Fe2+) group

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11
Q

What is the Haems (Fe2+) group made of?

A

Flat porphyrin ring

1 Fe2+

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12
Q

How much O2 does one Fe2+ bind?

A

Binds 1 O2

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13
Q

Can O2 bind to Fe3+?

A

No

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14
Q

What is needed to prevent Fe3+?

A

Antioxidants

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15
Q

What are the two main variants of Hb?

A

HbA- Adult

HbF- Foetal

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16
Q

What are the subunits of HbA?

A

Alpha

Beta

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17
Q

What are the subunits of HbF?

A

Alpha

Gamma

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18
Q

How many globin SU make up a Hb molecule?

A

4

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19
Q

Why don’t RBC have nucli?

A

More deformable

More room for Hb molecules

20
Q

Why do RBC need power?

A

To maintain NaK ATPase

21
Q

How does a RBC generate ATP?

A

Gylcolysis

22
Q

Why can RBC only do glycolysis?

A

No mitochondria

23
Q

Why do RBC have a high surface area to volume ratio

A

Allow for gas exchange

24
Q

Why are RBCs flexible

A

To squeeze through capillaries

25
Q

What makes RBC flexible?

A

Spectrin ‘spar’ proteins

26
Q

How long does a RBC live for?

A

120 days

27
Q

What is the process of forming new RBC called?

A

Erythropoiesis

28
Q

From differentiation what are the steps of RBC formation?

A

Pronormoblast/Proerythroblast
Normoblast/Erythroblast
Reticulocyte
RBC

29
Q

Where are Pronormoblast/Proerythroblast found?

A

Restricted to bone marrow

30
Q

What is the first cell morphologically recognisable as a RBC?

A

Pronormoblast/Proerythroblast

31
Q

What RBC progenitor leaves the bone marrow?

A

Reticulocyte

32
Q

How long do reticulocytes last outside the bone marrow before becoming RBC?

A

3 days

33
Q

How is RBC formation regulated?

A

Erythropoietin

Quality control

34
Q

Where is EPO released from?

A

Kidney

35
Q

What regulates EPO?

A

Hypoxia inducible factor 1 gene

36
Q

When do kidneys release EPO?

A

In response to hypoxia

37
Q

Where in the kidneys sense hypoxia?

A

Juxtaglomerula apparatus

38
Q

What percentage of RBC are destroyed before leaving the bone marrow and why?

A

10%

Due to defects

39
Q

Where is Hb formed?

A

Cytoplasm of developing RBC

40
Q

Where do RBC get iron from?

A

Macrophoage stores

41
Q

Where does RBC breakdown occur?

A

Spleen

Occasionally liver

42
Q

What breaks down RBC?

A

Macrophages

43
Q

What contents of RBC are recycled?

A

Globin chains

Haem groups

44
Q

What are globin chains recycled to?

A

AA

45
Q

What are haem groups broken down to?

A

Iron

Bilirubin

46
Q

Describe Haem to bilirubin

A

Haem -> Porphyrin -> Biliverdin -> Bilirubin

47
Q

What happens to bilirubin?

A

Taken to liver and conjugated then excreted as bile

Haematology (12 decks)

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