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Biology 101 > Blood & Circulatory System > Flashcards

Blood & Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

When dissecting a mammalian heart, describe how you positioned the heart on the dissecting board.

A

The ventral side was facing upwards

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2
Q

When dissecting a mammalian heart, state the precise location of the semilunar valves.

A

Bottom of the aorta

Bottom of the pulmonary artery

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3
Q

When dissecting a mammalian heart, describe one safety procedure you carried out

A

Wearing gloves

Safety glasses

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4
Q

Talk about the sounds created during the cardiac cycle

A

There are 2 sounds. the Lub and the dub. The closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves causes the Lub sound. The closing of the semilunar valves causes the dub sound.

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5
Q

What word is used to describe the shape of the 2 faces of the red blood cells ?

A

Concave or Biconcave

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6
Q

What feature of red blood cells allows them pass through narrow capillaries ?

A

Their flexibility

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7
Q

What molecule in red blood cells carries oxygen ?

A

Haemoglobin

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8
Q

Based on the composition of red blood cells, Gove a reason why they live for about 120 days

A

They have no nucleus , no mitochondria, cannot reproduce

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9
Q

Where are the red blood cells produced ?

A

In the bone marrow

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10
Q

Where are the red blood cells broken down ?

A

In the spleen or liver

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11
Q

Name the transport fluid in humans that does not contain red blood cells

A

Lymph

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12
Q

In what part of the heart is the pacemaker located ?

A

On the wall of the right atrium

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13
Q

State a location of a semi lunar valve

A

Between the right ventricle and the base of the pulmonary artery.

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14
Q

Give a function of a semilunar valve

A

To prevent back flow into the atrium.

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15
Q

Why is a pulse usually easily detected at the wrist ?

A

This is because the artery is close to the surface of the skin.

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16
Q

Why do arteries have no valves ?

A

The blood here is under pressure so back flow won’t occur.

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17
Q

State 2 lifestyle changes a person can make to improve heart health

A 
Increase intake of fish 
Increase intake of fruits and vegetables 
Reduce intake of saturated fats 
Stop smoking 
Increase intake of wholegrain cereals.
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18
Q

Name 2 substances aside from food and water that are transported in blood

A 
Oxygen 
Antibodies 
Carbondioxide 
Urea 
Enzymes 
Proteins
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19
Q

Where does oxygen enter the blood ?

A

Lungs

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20
Q

Where do antibodies enter the blood ?

A

Lymphocytes

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21
Q

Where does carbon dioxide enter the blood ?

A

Cells

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22
Q

Where does urea enter the blood ?

A

Liver

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23
Q

Where do enzymes enter the blood ?

A

Liver

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24
Q

Where do proteins enter the blood ?

A

Liver

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25
Q

State the precise location and describe the role of the SA node

A

It is located in the right atrium.

It controls the heart rate and generates impulses by causing the contraction of the atrium

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26
Q

State the precise location and describe the role of the AV node

A

In septum near the tricuspid valve.

It generates impulses and causes the contraction in the ventricles.

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27
Q

What is being measured when a persons blood pressure is taken ?

A

The force of the blood against the wall of the artery

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28
Q

In terms of structure state any 2 differences between the human blood and the lymph systems

A

The human blood system is a closed system while the lymph system is an open system.
The human blood system is a two circuit system while the lymph is a single circuit system.

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29
Q

What is the portal system ?

A

It begins and ends in capillaries

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30
Q

What is a pulse

A

Waves of vibrations caused by the expansion of the artery.

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31
Q

State 2 ways in which the structure of the red blood cells differs from that of other human cells.

A

The red blood cells have no nucleus and no mitochondria.

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32
Q

From what part of the body is human blood pressure usually measured ?

A

The artery of upper arm

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33
Q

Aside from the AB groups, what other system is used to further classify blood ?

A

Rhesus

34
Q

Name a vein that transports blood out of the muscle of the heart.

A

Cardiac vein

35
Q

Name a vein that brings blood away from the kidneys

A

Renal vein

36
Q

Name a vein that carries very little carbon dioxide

A

Pulmonary vein

37
Q

Name a vein that brings blood into the right atrium

A

Vena cava

38
Q

Name a vein that has capillaries at both ends

A

Hepatic portal vein

39
Q

Briefly describe how blood is moved through veins

A

The voluntary muscles contract to move the blood and valves are present to prevent back flow.

40
Q

In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, what was the control and what was its purpose?

A

The rate measured at rest.

To compare with the results

41
Q

In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, suggest how recovery time is measured

A

By measuring time until the resting rate is reached or until the breathing rate returns to normal.

42
Q

What is systole ?

A

This is the contraction of the cardiac muscle

43
Q

When dissecting a mammalian heart, name the instrument used to make the necessary incisions.

A

scalpel

44
Q

When dissecting a mammalian heart, describe the procedure you used to expose a semi lunar valve.

A

By cutting open the aorta.

45
Q

In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, describe how to measure the effect of exercise on breathing rate.

A

Subject exercises and the breathing rate is taken right after.

46
Q

What is the function of the heart in the circulatory system ?

A

To pump blood

47
Q

Name the arteries that supply the cardiac muscles of the heart

A

The coronary arteries

48
Q

What is meant by a closed system and give an advantage of it ?

A

The blood remains in blood vessels.

It is more efficient and blood can be pumped faster.

49
Q

Indicate the position of the semilunar valve during:

  1. ) Atrial systole
  2. ) Ventricular systole
A
  1. ) Open

2. ) Closed

50
Q

Name one dietary factor that is known to contribute to coronary heart disease

A

High intake of fat or cholesterol or salt

51
Q

Apart from diet name a lifestyle change that could reduce the risk of coronary heart disease

A

Stop smoking
Weight loss
Increased exercise

52
Q

Name a structure in cells which carbon dioxide is produced

A

Mitochondria

53
Q

Give a feature of capillaries that allows rapid uptake of carbon dioxide.

A

Thin wall

54
Q

Why are carbon dioxide levels usually higher in venous blood than in arterial blood ? Give a blood vessel that is an exception to this.

A

Venous blood has collected carbon dioxide from respiration.

Pulmonary vein has no carbondioxide.

55
Q

Briefly outline the role of carbon dioxide in the control of the human breathing rate.

A

Medulla Oblongata registers blood carbon dioxide levels. More carbon dioxide results in faster breathing.

56
Q

Give 3 functions of the lymphatic system

A

It helps to fight infections.
It manufactures lymphocytes.
It transports hormones.

57
Q

Give one way in which lymph differs from blood

A

It has no red blood cells

It has no platelets

58
Q

When dissecting a mammalian heart, you cut open a window in the pulmonary artery and aorta, why ?

A

To expose the semilunar valve.

59
Q

Name a group of white blood cells aside from lymphocytes.

A

Monocytes

Phagocytes

60
Q

What is the role of antibodies is the body ?

A

To inactivate antigens

61
Q

Name any 3 types of T Cells and state their roles

A

Helper - recognise antigens
Killer - attacks infected cells
Memory - for long term protection
Suppressor - stop immune reponses.

62
Q

What are the 2 circuits in a closed system ?

Which of these circuits involves the pumping of blood by the left ventricle. ?

A

The pulmonary and systemic circuits.

The systemic circuit

63
Q

Give reasons for any 2 difference in structure of arteries and veins

A

The reason why only veins have valves is because the blood here is under low pressure.
The reason why arteries have a thick muscle wall is because it carries blood under high pressure

64
Q

State an advantage of a 2 circuit system

A

The oxygenated blood and the deoxygenated blood are kept separate.

65
Q

Why is lack of exercise considered a risk factor for coronary heart disease ?

A

Improves supply of oxygen to cardiac blood vessels

66
Q

In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, describe how you measured breathing rate

A

Count the number of times a person inhales in given time then repeat a number of times to get the average.

67
Q

In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, describe your results

A

the breathing rate increased after exercise and returns slowly to resting pulse.

68
Q

Name the cavity in the body in which the heart and lungs are located.

A

Chest cavity

69
Q

State one way in which the heart muscles differ from other muscles in the body

A

They don’t get tired.

70
Q

State any 2 ways in which the lymph vessels are similar in structure in veins

A

They have thin walls

They have valves

71
Q

Talk about the hepatic portal vein.

A

This carries blood from the intestine to the liver. It carries digested foods and has capillaries at both ends.

72
Q

Talk about the lymph nodes

A

This is found alone the lymph vessel. It is concentrated in certain areas and is part of the defence or immune system.

73
Q

Talk about the red blood cells.

A

They are made in the bone marrow and destroyed in the liver or spleen. they have no nucleus or mitochondria. They are biconcave in shape and contain haemoglobin.

74
Q

What is the average breathing rate at rest

A

11 to 21 breaths per minute

75
Q

What is the average pulse rate at rest

A

65 to 79 beats per minute

76
Q

In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, suggest a relationship between recovery time and a persons degree of physical fitness.

A

The quicker the recovery time the fitter the person is

77
Q

Why does one chamber of the heart have more muscles in its wall than the others ?

A

It pumps blood around the body

78
Q

Name the blood vessel that return blood to the heart from the lungs.
Name the main gas it transports and it is transported

A

Pulmonary vein

oxygen

via haemoglobin

79
Q

What is a contractile tissue ?

A

This is a tissue that can contract or shorten

80
Q

Which chamber of the heart has the greatest amount of muscle in its wall ?

A

Left ventricle

81
Q

When dissecting a mammalian heart, where did you find the origin of the coronary artery ?

A

The aorta

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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