Blood & Circulatory System Flashcards
When dissecting a mammalian heart, describe how you positioned the heart on the dissecting board.
The ventral side was facing upwards
When dissecting a mammalian heart, state the precise location of the semilunar valves.
Bottom of the aorta
Bottom of the pulmonary artery
When dissecting a mammalian heart, describe one safety procedure you carried out
Wearing gloves
Safety glasses
Talk about the sounds created during the cardiac cycle
There are 2 sounds. the Lub and the dub. The closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves causes the Lub sound. The closing of the semilunar valves causes the dub sound.
What word is used to describe the shape of the 2 faces of the red blood cells ?
Concave or Biconcave
What feature of red blood cells allows them pass through narrow capillaries ?
Their flexibility
What molecule in red blood cells carries oxygen ?
Haemoglobin
Based on the composition of red blood cells, Gove a reason why they live for about 120 days
They have no nucleus , no mitochondria, cannot reproduce
Where are the red blood cells produced ?
In the bone marrow
Where are the red blood cells broken down ?
In the spleen or liver
Name the transport fluid in humans that does not contain red blood cells
Lymph
In what part of the heart is the pacemaker located ?
On the wall of the right atrium
State a location of a semi lunar valve
Between the right ventricle and the base of the pulmonary artery.
Give a function of a semilunar valve
To prevent back flow into the atrium.
Why is a pulse usually easily detected at the wrist ?
This is because the artery is close to the surface of the skin.
Why do arteries have no valves ?
The blood here is under pressure so back flow won’t occur.
State 2 lifestyle changes a person can make to improve heart health
Increase intake of fish Increase intake of fruits and vegetables Reduce intake of saturated fats Stop smoking Increase intake of wholegrain cereals.
Name 2 substances aside from food and water that are transported in blood
Oxygen Antibodies Carbondioxide Urea Enzymes Proteins
Where does oxygen enter the blood ?
Lungs
Where do antibodies enter the blood ?
Lymphocytes
Where does carbon dioxide enter the blood ?
Cells
Where does urea enter the blood ?
Liver
Where do enzymes enter the blood ?
Liver
Where do proteins enter the blood ?
Liver
State the precise location and describe the role of the SA node
It is located in the right atrium.
It controls the heart rate and generates impulses by causing the contraction of the atrium
State the precise location and describe the role of the AV node
In septum near the tricuspid valve.
It generates impulses and causes the contraction in the ventricles.
What is being measured when a persons blood pressure is taken ?
The force of the blood against the wall of the artery
In terms of structure state any 2 differences between the human blood and the lymph systems
The human blood system is a closed system while the lymph system is an open system.
The human blood system is a two circuit system while the lymph is a single circuit system.
What is the portal system ?
It begins and ends in capillaries
What is a pulse
Waves of vibrations caused by the expansion of the artery.
State 2 ways in which the structure of the red blood cells differs from that of other human cells.
The red blood cells have no nucleus and no mitochondria.
From what part of the body is human blood pressure usually measured ?
The artery of upper arm
Aside from the AB groups, what other system is used to further classify blood ?
Rhesus
Name a vein that transports blood out of the muscle of the heart.
Cardiac vein
Name a vein that brings blood away from the kidneys
Renal vein
Name a vein that carries very little carbon dioxide
Pulmonary vein
Name a vein that brings blood into the right atrium
Vena cava
Name a vein that has capillaries at both ends
Hepatic portal vein
Briefly describe how blood is moved through veins
The voluntary muscles contract to move the blood and valves are present to prevent back flow.
In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, what was the control and what was its purpose?
The rate measured at rest.
To compare with the results
In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, suggest how recovery time is measured
By measuring time until the resting rate is reached or until the breathing rate returns to normal.
What is systole ?
This is the contraction of the cardiac muscle
When dissecting a mammalian heart, name the instrument used to make the necessary incisions.
scalpel
When dissecting a mammalian heart, describe the procedure you used to expose a semi lunar valve.
By cutting open the aorta.
In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, describe how to measure the effect of exercise on breathing rate.
Subject exercises and the breathing rate is taken right after.
What is the function of the heart in the circulatory system ?
To pump blood
Name the arteries that supply the cardiac muscles of the heart
The coronary arteries
What is meant by a closed system and give an advantage of it ?
The blood remains in blood vessels.
It is more efficient and blood can be pumped faster.
Indicate the position of the semilunar valve during:
- ) Atrial systole
- ) Ventricular systole
- ) Open
2. ) Closed
Name one dietary factor that is known to contribute to coronary heart disease
High intake of fat or cholesterol or salt
Apart from diet name a lifestyle change that could reduce the risk of coronary heart disease
Stop smoking
Weight loss
Increased exercise
Name a structure in cells which carbon dioxide is produced
Mitochondria
Give a feature of capillaries that allows rapid uptake of carbon dioxide.
Thin wall
Why are carbon dioxide levels usually higher in venous blood than in arterial blood ? Give a blood vessel that is an exception to this.
Venous blood has collected carbon dioxide from respiration.
Pulmonary vein has no carbondioxide.
Briefly outline the role of carbon dioxide in the control of the human breathing rate.
Medulla Oblongata registers blood carbon dioxide levels. More carbon dioxide results in faster breathing.
Give 3 functions of the lymphatic system
It helps to fight infections.
It manufactures lymphocytes.
It transports hormones.
Give one way in which lymph differs from blood
It has no red blood cells
It has no platelets
When dissecting a mammalian heart, you cut open a window in the pulmonary artery and aorta, why ?
To expose the semilunar valve.
Name a group of white blood cells aside from lymphocytes.
Monocytes
Phagocytes
What is the role of antibodies is the body ?
To inactivate antigens
Name any 3 types of T Cells and state their roles
Helper - recognise antigens
Killer - attacks infected cells
Memory - for long term protection
Suppressor - stop immune reponses.
What are the 2 circuits in a closed system ?
Which of these circuits involves the pumping of blood by the left ventricle. ?
The pulmonary and systemic circuits.
The systemic circuit
Give reasons for any 2 difference in structure of arteries and veins
The reason why only veins have valves is because the blood here is under low pressure.
The reason why arteries have a thick muscle wall is because it carries blood under high pressure
State an advantage of a 2 circuit system
The oxygenated blood and the deoxygenated blood are kept separate.
Why is lack of exercise considered a risk factor for coronary heart disease ?
Improves supply of oxygen to cardiac blood vessels
In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, describe how you measured breathing rate
Count the number of times a person inhales in given time then repeat a number of times to get the average.
In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, describe your results
the breathing rate increased after exercise and returns slowly to resting pulse.
Name the cavity in the body in which the heart and lungs are located.
Chest cavity
State one way in which the heart muscles differ from other muscles in the body
They don’t get tired.
State any 2 ways in which the lymph vessels are similar in structure in veins
They have thin walls
They have valves
Talk about the hepatic portal vein.
This carries blood from the intestine to the liver. It carries digested foods and has capillaries at both ends.
Talk about the lymph nodes
This is found alone the lymph vessel. It is concentrated in certain areas and is part of the defence or immune system.
Talk about the red blood cells.
They are made in the bone marrow and destroyed in the liver or spleen. they have no nucleus or mitochondria. They are biconcave in shape and contain haemoglobin.
What is the average breathing rate at rest
11 to 21 breaths per minute
What is the average pulse rate at rest
65 to 79 beats per minute
In an investigation carried out on the effect of exercise on the breathing rate, suggest a relationship between recovery time and a persons degree of physical fitness.
The quicker the recovery time the fitter the person is
Why does one chamber of the heart have more muscles in its wall than the others ?
It pumps blood around the body
Name the blood vessel that return blood to the heart from the lungs.
Name the main gas it transports and it is transported
Pulmonary vein
oxygen
via haemoglobin
What is a contractile tissue ?
This is a tissue that can contract or shorten
Which chamber of the heart has the greatest amount of muscle in its wall ?
Left ventricle
When dissecting a mammalian heart, where did you find the origin of the coronary artery ?
The aorta
