Blood cells/ Immuno Flashcards
What are the most potent cytokines involved in fever?
At least 11 cytokines have been shown to induce febrile. The most potent are interleukin 1 (IL-1 α , IL-1 β ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α ).
What causes behavioral changes, muscle and joint pain during fever?
The prostaglandins induced by pyrogenic cytokines stimulate muscle catabolism and induce collagenase synthesis from synovial cells, contributing to muscle and joint pain.
Local tissue responses to IL-1 β and TNF- α stimulate afferent neural impulses, responsible for behavioral changes (increased sleep, decreased appetite, and loss of social behavior).
What cytokines induce the synthesis of acute phase proteins by the hepatocytes during a febrile state? (fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and certain macroglobulins)
IL-6 and IL-11, induced by IL-1 α , IL-1 β , and TNF- α.
What are the beneficial effects of fever in the immune response?
Neutrophils and monocytes have increased motility and emigration, enhanced phagocytosis, oxygen radical production, and killing of intracellular bacteria.
IFN production increases, with enhanced antiviral, antitumor, antiproliferative, and natural killer (NK) stimulating properties.
There is increased T-cell proliferative responses, T-helper cell activation and B cells enhancement.
How fast does the clot begin to develop?
How long does it take to fill the broken or open vessel to be filled by the clot?
Within 15-20 seconds if trauma is mild, 1-2 minutes if it is severe.
Takes the clot 3 - 6 min to cover the whole open end of the vessel
What is the platelets half life?
8 - 12 days
Where is prothrombin formed and what substance is necessary for it to form?
It is formed in the liver and requires vitamin K to activate prothrombin
What are the cytokines involved in inciting intestinal inflammation?
IL-1B, TNF-a, platelet activating factor (PAF), complement (C5a), IFN-gama, and histamine
