Blood cells Flashcards
_litres of blood = _body mass
5 litres of blood = 8% body mass
% of RBCs
42% - 45%
% of WBCs
1%
% of Plasma
55% - 58%
RBCs
Discoid (large SA:V)
No nucleus
Contains haemoglobin
120 day lifespan
Describe the regulation of erythropoiesis
Low O2 (hypoxia) in circulation is detected by the peritubular cells in Kidney which secretes erythropoietin Increases no. of stem cells committed to erythropoiesis
List the stages in iron metabolism
Iron - from diet:
(Fe3+ reduced to Fe2+ by stomach acid) –ve effects of antacids, chelation by
Ferrous iron (Fe2+) tetracycline
Fe3+ produced by mucosal cells of duodenum. Binds to apoferritin to produce ferritin (stores)
Release iron into blood to bind with transferrin (transport) Delivers iron to bone marrow (ferritin stores)
Iron in Hb
State how white blood cell production may be regulated
Colony-stimulating factors (CSF) e.g. granulocyte CSF - acts on neutrophil cell line
CSFs stimulated by infections
Approximate normal values for haemoglobin
Males 13.5 - 17.5 g/dl
Female 11.5 - 15.5 g/dl
Approximate normal values for haematocrit
packed cell volume - centrifuge blood down - % that is RBC
Define mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
volume (fl) of individual RBCs = haematocrit/RBCperL
How do you determine blood groups?
Determined by antigens on RBCs A = A antigens, B antibodies B = B antigens, A antibodies AB = A+B antigens O = no A/B antigens but A+B antibodies
What links globin chains?
Covalent bonds
Reticulocytes
Immature RBCs - nucleus extruded + taken up by bone marrow macrophages (phagocytic cell)
Reticulocytes
Immature RBCs - nucleus extruded + taken up by bone marrow macrophages (phagocytic cell)
Process of Maturation
mRNA in reticulocytes allows haemoglobin to still be synthesised
Reticulocytes can enter blood stream (make up 0.5% - 2% of circulating RBCs)
Retic count elevated when erythropoiesis is increased
What is Recombinant EPO used clinically?
Recombinant EPO used clinically to treat anaemia linked to renal failure
Haem group
Ferrous iron Fe2+ at the centre of a protoporphryn complex
How is MCV useful?
Microcytic anaemia
Macrocytic anaemia
Alcohol abuse
How is MCV useful?
Microcytic anaemia
Macrocytic anaemia
Alcohol abuse
Haemoglobin
Ferrous iron Fe2+ at the centre of a protoporphryn complex
Blood cel Production
Fetus + neonate = liver + spleen
Neonate + child + adult = bone marrow
Blood cell Production
Fetus + neonate = liver + spleen
Neonate + child + adult = bone marrow
How do you prevent haemolytic disease of the new born?
Prevent with Anti-D immunisation - Anti-D immunoglobulin
Given after delivery of 1st child, bins to infant cells that have passed into mother + prevents mother raising antibodies
Immunocytes
Lymphocytes
What are the 2 groupings for WBCs?
Phagocytes + Immunocytes
5 types of Leucocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes
Platelets
Cellular fragments
Non-nucleated
Used in clot formation
What happens when your iron deficient?
Iron uptake in guts increase
Erythyroid regulator from bone marrow
Iron stores regulator
What happens when your iron deficient?
Iron uptake in guts increase
Erythyroid regulator from bone marrow
Iron stores regulator
How efficient is iron recycling?
90% - from breakdown of RBCs in Liver + Spleen
-philia
Increased
- neutrophilia = increased neutrophil count
-penia
decreased
- neutropenia = decreased neutrophil count
Pancytopenia
Reduction in all cell counts
Neutrophils
Phagocytosis of microorganisms (60-70%)
Eosinophils
associated with parasite killing + inflammation (1-4%)
Basophils
Release histamine in hypersensitivity reactions (0.5%)
Monocytes
Phagocytic, leave blood + become macrophages (2-6%)
Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies (25-33%)
What protein is haemoglobin
Allosteric protein
