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DYS: Pharmacology + ADME > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anaemia

A

Reduced levels of haemoglobin

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2
Q

How do you treat Iron-deficiency anaemia

A

Usually, oral iron
Blood Transfusion
In pregnancy, Oral Iron + folic acid

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3
Q

Megaloblastic anaemia

A

Abnormal RBC maturation due to defective DNA synthesis, out of step with cytoplasmic development: bone marrow contains megaloblasts
Macrocytic

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4
Q

What are the RBCs like in Megaloblastic Anaemia + why?

A

Macrocytic - RBCs are larger than normal volume
This is due to Vit.B12 / Folate deficiency
- Increased incidence in alcohol abuse

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5
Q

Symptoms of Megaloblastic anaemia

A

Anaemia + Jaundice

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6
Q

How is Jaundice caused in megaloblastic anaemia?

A

Excess breakdown of Hb due to increased ineffective erythropoiesis

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7
Q

B12

A

Co-factor for purine + pyrimidine synthesis

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8
Q

What is needed to absorb Vit.B12?

A

Intrinsic factor - secreted by stomach to help absorb B12

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9
Q

When is intrinsic factor absent?

A

After Gastrectomy

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10
Q

What is folic acid essential for?

A

Thymidylate synthesis

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11
Q

When is folic acid used + where is it found?

A

In pregnancy + in most foods

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12
Q

Function of Methotrexate + how to treat it?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

Treat with Folinic acid

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13
Q

What is Pernicious anaemia + how do you treat it?

A

Lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption due to autoimmune disease
Treat with Hydroxocobalamin IM

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14
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

Malabsorption of Vit B12/ Folate or Iron

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15
Q

Haemolytic Anaemia

A

Increased rate of RBC destruction

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16
Q

What is Spherocytosis

A

Under Haemolytic anaemia
Genetic
Abnormal reduction in the RBC membrane protein Spectrin - make cells fragile

17
Q

How can you get Haemolytic anaemia?

A

Malaria
Haemolytic Transfusion reaction
Drug-induced

18
Q

What are the symptoms of haemolytic anaemia?

A

Jaundice + Enlarged spleen

Folate deficiency can occur due to increased erythropoiesis

19
Q

Sickle cell anaemia

A

Genetic - single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
Amino acid substitution - Convert Glutamic acid for Valine
Abnormal Hb - insoluble forms crystals at low O2 - RBC form sickle shapes and may block microcirculation.
Causes haemolytic anaemia

20
Q

Aplastic anaemia

A

Insufficient production of RBCs, WBCs and platelets (pancytopenia) - although may just be RBCs (pure red cell aplasia)

21
Q

What does aplastic anaemia cause?

A

Decreased resistance to infections, increased bleeding + tiredness

22
Q

How can you acquire aplastic anaemia?

A

Viral, radiation, drugs

Insecticides, sulphonamides, chloraphenicol + cytotoxic (anti-cancer drugs)

23
Q

How do you treat aplastic anaemia?

A

Bone marrow transplant (tissue match)
Immunosuppressant (prevent immune destruction of stem cells)
Colony - stimulating factor (increases WBC count)

24
Q

Thalassemia

A

Genetic
Reduced rate of alpha + beta globin unit production
= production of abnormal RBC

25
Q

Deletion of both alpha genes in Thalassemia leads to…

A

Death in uterus as Hb produced

26
Q

Deletion of ONE alpha gene in Thalassemia leads to…

A

reduction of RBC volume + haematocrit

27
Q

How do you determine anaemia?

A

Blood flow

28
Q

Glossitis

A

Painful red tongue

29
Q

Angular cheilitis

A

Fissures at corner of the mouth

30
Q

Symptoms for anaemia

A

Lethargy (lack of energy)
Tachycardia (increased heart rate)
Shortness of breath

31
Q

When Input is reduced, it is caused by…

A

Poor diet; removal of stomach

32
Q

What is Polycythaemia

A

Increased Hb content + haematocrit

-Increased blood viscosity = poor tissue perfusion

33
Q

Symptoms of Polycythaemia

A

Ruddy appearance
Headaches
Blurred vision
Hypertension

34
Q

What causes the polycythaemia

A

Primary: bone marrow changes, stem cell defect
Secondary: increased erythropoietin - altitude, smoking, renal carcinoma

35
Q

Primary treatment of Polycythaemia

A

Venesection, radioactive phosphorus, cytotoxic agents

36
Q

Macrocytic

A

Larger RBCs

37
Q

Microcytic

A

Smaller RBCs

DYS: Pharmacology + ADME (6 decks)

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