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Anatomy > Blood + ANS > Flashcards

Blood + ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Heart Location/Wall (6)

A
  • on top of diaphragm
  • encased by fibrous pericardium
  • covered by sternum (anterior flat bone)
  • ribs on side for protection
  • apex (near left nipple) at 5th intercostal space
  • if CHF -> positions change, heart larger than fist
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2
Q

Sternum (2)

A
  • separated at rib 2
  • behind it = aortic arch, bifurcation of trachea, top of pul trunk
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3
Q

Layers of Heart (3)

A
  • epicardium = visceral serious pericardium layer on outside (SSE) + fat w/blood supplies (fuel supply)
  • myocardium = cardiac muscle w/high vasculature (if not good = MI)
  • endocardium = innermost, next to blood in heart, areolar CT + SSE
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4
Q

Systemic vs Pulmonary Circuit (2)

A

pul circuit = deoxy blood, thin chamber walls, less pressure

sys circuit = oxy blood, thick chamber walls, high pressure

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5
Q

Great Vessels + Chambers of heart (5)

A
  • superior vena cava (blood from head, neck, arms) + inferior vena cava (abdomen + lower body) bring blood to right atrium
  • Aortic arch - sends blood to rest of body
  • pul trunk (L/R pul art) - carries blood to lungs
  • ventricles - separated by interventricular septum
  • atria - separated by interatrial septum
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6
Q

Valves (3)

A
  • 4 valves = pulmonary + aortic + mitral (bicuspid) + tricuspid valve
  • fibrous skeleton, anchored to fibrous CT rings w/muscle fibers
  • valve fn = prevent back flow, ensure unidirectional movement
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7
Q

Tricuspid valve (2)

A
  • 3 cusps/flaps
  • right atrioventricular valve
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8
Q

Bicuspid Valve (2)

A
  • 2 valves
  • mitral/left atrioventricular valve
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9
Q

blood returning from sys circuit

A

sup/inf vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pul arts -> gas exchange in lungs

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10
Q

blood returning for pul circuit

A

pul veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> gas exchange in periphery

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11
Q

Artery/Vein Layers (3)

A
  • Tunica intima = inside, endothelium - contacts blood
  • Tunica media = elastic tissue + smooth muscle
  • Tunica adventitia/externa = CT
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12
Q

Large Elastic Arteries (3)

A
  • tunica media giant -> special adaption – extra layer of elastin
  • pul trunk and aorta on outside of heart
  • expand + recoil – generates back pressure to close valves, push blood forward
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13
Q

Muscular Artery (2)

A
  • main arteries in blood (renal, carotid)
  • thick smooth muscle wall
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14
Q

Arteriole + Venule (3)

A
  • few layers of smooth muscle
  • lose it when down to capillaries
  • gain layers back in tunic media of venule but much less in size
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15
Q

Medium + Large Sized Veins (1)

A
  • valves to prevent backflow and ensure unidirectional movement
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16
Q

Large Vessels (1)

A

Surrounded by vaso vasorum = supporting arterioles/capillaries for large vessels -> diffusion doesn’t work since so many layers

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17
Q

Aortic + carotid body (4)

A
  • Aortic body - assoc w/cranial nerves, in aortic arch
  • Carotid body - at bifurcation of carotid body
  • Both go to brainstem
  • Contain chemoreceptors = relay info of composition + pressure in BVs to help motion of blood
18
Q

Varicose Superficial Veins (4)

A
  • under fatty layer of skin before muscle
  • visible -> due to faulty valves = prolap -> no unidirectional flow
  • Not only veins present -> deep veins also help carry blood -> no complete blood loss to region
  • No varicose deep veins under muscle
19
Q

Skeletal Muscle Pump (4)

A
  • skeletal muscle assoc w/deep vein
  • compresses vein to help blood flow to next level up to heart
  • valve closed behind to prevent back flow
  • doesn’t work for superficial veins since not encased in muscle
20
Q

Deep Pain thombrosis (3)

A
  • block from clot = blood doesn’t continue movement
  • if not moving for a while, blood pools/clots
  • when finally move, all blood pooled moves at once = issues in heart, brain, etc.
21
Q

3 types of capillaries (3)

A
  • Continuous – no leaks (blood brain barrier)
  • Fenestrated (windows) caps – some fluid leakage but no real RBC leakage (glomerulus)
  • Sinusoidal cap – most leaking, large fenestrations, formed elements can leak out (liver, spleen)
22
Q

Portal circulation (3)

A
  • heart -> cap bed #1 (digestive tract) -> connecting vein -> cap bed #2 (liver) -> heart (assoc w/hypothalamus also)
  • Hepatic portal system = drain of GI tract + liver
  • Hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system = hormone delivery to hypophysis (pituitary gland)
23
Q

Anastomosis (3)

A
  • artery to artery cnxn (can come from diff arteries) – useful if an artery is blocked, see web
  • Anatomic end artery – 2 arteries w/o cnxn, go straight to tissue (if one blocked, tissue dies)
  • Function end artery – have cnxn (if one blocked, tissue won’t die)
24
Q

Vascular Shunting (3)

A
  • Cap beds not always open (all of blood would drain out of arteries – not enough)
  • need ability to close some (vascular shunting) – done by smooth muscle sphincters
  • After eating/during exercise – need more O2 deliver or nutrient spread
25
Q

Lymphatic System (3)

A
  • returns excess tissue fluid back to venous system
  • made of Lymph (macromols, prots, particulates) + channels + Lymphoid tissue (nodes, spleen, etc)
  • functions = transport lymph + cells, fat (dietary) absorption/transport, defense mechanisms
26
Q

Lymph vessels (2)

A
  • begins as blind ended pouches, highly permeable, low pressure, drain from GI tract
  • Not in epidermis, hair + nails, cornea, articular cartilage, CNS, bone marrow
27
Q

Lymphatic Nodes (3)

A
  • channels bring lymph from mult afferent lymph vessels, pass thru node, exit via hilum (has valves = unidirectional movement)
  • Nodes assoc w/body openings more likely to contact external pathogens – tracheal nodes (air moving into lung), cervical nodes (oral and nasal cavity), deep nodes (digestive tract)
  • Axillary nodes involved in spread of breast cancer
28
Q

Lymph Vessels Cont. (3)

A
  • Lymph caps = endothelium layer w/no basal lamina (diff than blood caps)
  • Larger lymph vessels have basal lamina, valves and three coats (intima, media and adventitia).
  • lymph movement dependent on filtration pressure, muscle contraction, arterial pulsations, respiratory movements, smooth muscle in vessels
29
Q

Lymph Ducts (3)

A
  • Thoracic duct + cisterna chyli -> left jugular vein
  • Right lymphatic duct -> right jugular vein
  • Right/Left jugular drain into right/left jugulovenous angle into subclavian veins
30
Q

Somatic + Autonomic Control (6)

A
  • Somatic control = skeletal muscle controlled by conscious mind
  • Autonomic control = smooth muscle, cardiac muscle not under our control
  • GSE = conscious motor control of skeletal muscle
  • GSA = conscious reception of touch, hot, cold, rough, smooth
  • GVE = not conscious motor control of movements (GI, breathing)
  • GVA = not conscious control of movement (GI) – can sense stretch or pain –bladder
31
Q

ANS (3)

A
  • SNS + PSNS
  • SNS = thoracolumbar, flight-or-fight
  • PSNS = cranial sacral, rest and digest
32
Q

Neuron structural classification (3)

A

unipolar (sensory) multipolar (motor) bipolar (special sensory, back of retina)

33
Q

Dermatomes, Myotomes, Sclerotomes (4)

A
  • Spinal nerves entering SC posteriorly at single SC level => innervating areas of skin = dermatomes
  • Overlap in dermatomes, no specific boundary (some redundancy) -> if damage in one, don’t detect due to overlap (must test joint/muscle group movement)
  • Nerves exiting SC anteriorly at single SC level -> muscles from related somite = myotomes
  • Sclerotome - bone innervating areas, on periosteum (detect pain)
34
Q

ANS function (3)

A
  • monitor/regulate fn + blood flow to viscera (organs, hollow tubes, blood vessels, ureters, GI tract, etc.)
  • ANS needs to have ganglion
  • Autonomic fibers use pre-existing paths to get to target organ
35
Q

GVE (3)

A
  • 2 neuron pathway [one in CNS (brainstem/SC), one in PNS (ganglia)]
  • synapse at ganglion (cell body of neuron 2)
  • SNS has short pre-synap neuron, long post-synap neuron - opp for PSNS
36
Q

GVA (3)

A
  • GVA axons follow GVE axons, except in ventral root
  • GVA fibers = sensory, cell body in sensory ganglia
  • Axons pass thru autonomic posterior root ganglia to CNS w/o synapsing
37
Q

SNS (2)

A
  • thoracolumbar T1-L2 = fight or flight, go everywhere - superficial + deep
  • pre-synap neuron cell body in lateral horn of gray matter = Intermediolateral horn (IML)
38
Q

PSNS (2)

A
  • craniosacral = all CN + S2-S4 = rest + digest, only to deep structures (except genitalia + skin)
  • Follow same patterns as SNS, ganglia at wall of organ, post-ganglionic axons are short
39
Q

Cranial Nerves (5)

A
  • originate in brainstem, for facial structures/secretomotors
  • CN III = eye
  • CN VII = lacrimal/tears, salivary
  • CN IX = optic, parotid
  • CN X = heart, lungs, thoracic cavity, abdomen digestive sys (vegus, hingut)
40
Q

S2-S4 (4)

A
  • S2-S4 outflow via pelvic splanchnic nerves (from anterior rami of S2-S4)
  • Preganglionic cell bodies in IML like area in sacral region of spinal cord
  • GVAs arise from same cord level as GVEs (exit via anterior rami)
  • Go to prevertebral plexus around abdominal aorta -> to postganglionic neurons in walls of midgut/enteric system + pelvic viscera
41
Q

Referred Pain (3)

A
  • Visceral pain = dull + poorly localized (somatic pain sharp + easily localized)
  • organ damage = no pain at organ but referred to body wall
  • GSAs enter same SC level as GVAs -> brain + SC can’t clearly localize pain info from organs

Anatomy (10 decks)

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