Blood + ANS Flashcards
1
Q
Heart Location/Wall (6)
A
- on top of diaphragm
- encased by fibrous pericardium
- covered by sternum (anterior flat bone)
- ribs on side for protection
- apex (near left nipple) at 5th intercostal space
- if CHF -> positions change, heart larger than fist
2
Q
Sternum (2)
A
- separated at rib 2
- behind it = aortic arch, bifurcation of trachea, top of pul trunk
3
Q
Layers of Heart (3)
A
- epicardium = visceral serious pericardium layer on outside (SSE) + fat w/blood supplies (fuel supply)
- myocardium = cardiac muscle w/high vasculature (if not good = MI)
- endocardium = innermost, next to blood in heart, areolar CT + SSE
4
Q
Systemic vs Pulmonary Circuit (2)
A
pul circuit = deoxy blood, thin chamber walls, less pressure
sys circuit = oxy blood, thick chamber walls, high pressure
5
Q
Great Vessels + Chambers of heart (5)
A
- superior vena cava (blood from head, neck, arms) + inferior vena cava (abdomen + lower body) bring blood to right atrium
- Aortic arch - sends blood to rest of body
- pul trunk (L/R pul art) - carries blood to lungs
- ventricles - separated by interventricular septum
- atria - separated by interatrial septum
6
Q
Valves (3)
A
- 4 valves = pulmonary + aortic + mitral (bicuspid) + tricuspid valve
- fibrous skeleton, anchored to fibrous CT rings w/muscle fibers
- valve fn = prevent back flow, ensure unidirectional movement
7
Q
Tricuspid valve (2)
A
- 3 cusps/flaps
- right atrioventricular valve
8
Q
Bicuspid Valve (2)
A
- 2 valves
- mitral/left atrioventricular valve
9
Q
blood returning from sys circuit
A
sup/inf vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pul arts -> gas exchange in lungs
10
Q
blood returning for pul circuit
A
pul veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> gas exchange in periphery
11
Q
Artery/Vein Layers (3)
A
- Tunica intima = inside, endothelium - contacts blood
- Tunica media = elastic tissue + smooth muscle
- Tunica adventitia/externa = CT
12
Q
Large Elastic Arteries (3)
A
- tunica media giant -> special adaption – extra layer of elastin
- pul trunk and aorta on outside of heart
- expand + recoil – generates back pressure to close valves, push blood forward
13
Q
Muscular Artery (2)
A
- main arteries in blood (renal, carotid)
- thick smooth muscle wall
14
Q
Arteriole + Venule (3)
A
- few layers of smooth muscle
- lose it when down to capillaries
- gain layers back in tunic media of venule but much less in size
15
Q
Medium + Large Sized Veins (1)
A
- valves to prevent backflow and ensure unidirectional movement
16
Q
Large Vessels (1)
A
Surrounded by vaso vasorum = supporting arterioles/capillaries for large vessels -> diffusion doesn’t work since so many layers
17
Q
Aortic + carotid body (4)
A
- Aortic body - assoc w/cranial nerves, in aortic arch
- Carotid body - at bifurcation of carotid body
- Both go to brainstem
- Contain chemoreceptors = relay info of composition + pressure in BVs to help motion of blood
18
Q
Varicose Superficial Veins (4)
A
- under fatty layer of skin before muscle
- visible -> due to faulty valves = prolap -> no unidirectional flow
- Not only veins present -> deep veins also help carry blood -> no complete blood loss to region
- No varicose deep veins under muscle
19
Q
Skeletal Muscle Pump (4)
A
- skeletal muscle assoc w/deep vein
- compresses vein to help blood flow to next level up to heart
- valve closed behind to prevent back flow
- doesn’t work for superficial veins since not encased in muscle
20
Q
Deep Pain thombrosis (3)
A
- block from clot = blood doesn’t continue movement
- if not moving for a while, blood pools/clots
- when finally move, all blood pooled moves at once = issues in heart, brain, etc.
21
Q
3 types of capillaries (3)
A
- Continuous – no leaks (blood brain barrier)
- Fenestrated (windows) caps – some fluid leakage but no real RBC leakage (glomerulus)
- Sinusoidal cap – most leaking, large fenestrations, formed elements can leak out (liver, spleen)
22
Q
Portal circulation (3)
A
- heart -> cap bed #1 (digestive tract) -> connecting vein -> cap bed #2 (liver) -> heart (assoc w/hypothalamus also)
- Hepatic portal system = drain of GI tract + liver
- Hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system = hormone delivery to hypophysis (pituitary gland)
23
Q
Anastomosis (3)
A
- artery to artery cnxn (can come from diff arteries) – useful if an artery is blocked, see web
- Anatomic end artery – 2 arteries w/o cnxn, go straight to tissue (if one blocked, tissue dies)
- Function end artery – have cnxn (if one blocked, tissue won’t die)
24
Q
Vascular Shunting (3)
A
- Cap beds not always open (all of blood would drain out of arteries – not enough)
- need ability to close some (vascular shunting) – done by smooth muscle sphincters
- After eating/during exercise – need more O2 deliver or nutrient spread
25
Q
Lymphatic System (3)
A
- returns excess tissue fluid back to venous system
- made of Lymph (macromols, prots, particulates) + channels + Lymphoid tissue (nodes, spleen, etc)
- functions = transport lymph + cells, fat (dietary) absorption/transport, defense mechanisms
26
Q
Lymph vessels (2)
A
- begins as blind ended pouches, highly permeable, low pressure, drain from GI tract
- Not in epidermis, hair + nails, cornea, articular cartilage, CNS, bone marrow
27
Q
Lymphatic Nodes (3)
A
- channels bring lymph from mult afferent lymph vessels, pass thru node, exit via hilum (has valves = unidirectional movement)
- Nodes assoc w/body openings more likely to contact external pathogens – tracheal nodes (air moving into lung), cervical nodes (oral and nasal cavity), deep nodes (digestive tract)
- Axillary nodes involved in spread of breast cancer
28
Q
Lymph Vessels Cont. (3)
A
- Lymph caps = endothelium layer w/no basal lamina (diff than blood caps)
- Larger lymph vessels have basal lamina, valves and three coats (intima, media and adventitia).
- lymph movement dependent on filtration pressure, muscle contraction, arterial pulsations, respiratory movements, smooth muscle in vessels
29
Q
Lymph Ducts (3)
A
- Thoracic duct + cisterna chyli -> left jugular vein
- Right lymphatic duct -> right jugular vein
- Right/Left jugular drain into right/left jugulovenous angle into subclavian veins
30
Q
Somatic + Autonomic Control (6)
A
- Somatic control = skeletal muscle controlled by conscious mind
- Autonomic control = smooth muscle, cardiac muscle not under our control
- GSE = conscious motor control of skeletal muscle
- GSA = conscious reception of touch, hot, cold, rough, smooth
- GVE = not conscious motor control of movements (GI, breathing)
- GVA = not conscious control of movement (GI) – can sense stretch or pain –bladder
31
Q
ANS (3)
A
- SNS + PSNS
- SNS = thoracolumbar, flight-or-fight
- PSNS = cranial sacral, rest and digest
32
Q
Neuron structural classification (3)
A
unipolar (sensory) multipolar (motor) bipolar (special sensory, back of retina)
33
Q
Dermatomes, Myotomes, Sclerotomes (4)
A
- Spinal nerves entering SC posteriorly at single SC level => innervating areas of skin = dermatomes
- Overlap in dermatomes, no specific boundary (some redundancy) -> if damage in one, don’t detect due to overlap (must test joint/muscle group movement)
- Nerves exiting SC anteriorly at single SC level -> muscles from related somite = myotomes
- Sclerotome - bone innervating areas, on periosteum (detect pain)
34
Q
ANS function (3)
A
- monitor/regulate fn + blood flow to viscera (organs, hollow tubes, blood vessels, ureters, GI tract, etc.)
- ANS needs to have ganglion
- Autonomic fibers use pre-existing paths to get to target organ
35
Q
GVE (3)
A
- 2 neuron pathway [one in CNS (brainstem/SC), one in PNS (ganglia)]
- synapse at ganglion (cell body of neuron 2)
- SNS has short pre-synap neuron, long post-synap neuron - opp for PSNS
36
Q
GVA (3)
A
- GVA axons follow GVE axons, except in ventral root
- GVA fibers = sensory, cell body in sensory ganglia
- Axons pass thru autonomic posterior root ganglia to CNS w/o synapsing
37
Q
SNS (2)
A
- thoracolumbar T1-L2 = fight or flight, go everywhere - superficial + deep
- pre-synap neuron cell body in lateral horn of gray matter = Intermediolateral horn (IML)
38
Q
PSNS (2)
A
- craniosacral = all CN + S2-S4 = rest + digest, only to deep structures (except genitalia + skin)
- Follow same patterns as SNS, ganglia at wall of organ, post-ganglionic axons are short
39
Q
Cranial Nerves (5)
A
- originate in brainstem, for facial structures/secretomotors
- CN III = eye
- CN VII = lacrimal/tears, salivary
- CN IX = optic, parotid
- CN X = heart, lungs, thoracic cavity, abdomen digestive sys (vegus, hingut)
40
Q
S2-S4 (4)
A
- S2-S4 outflow via pelvic splanchnic nerves (from anterior rami of S2-S4)
- Preganglionic cell bodies in IML like area in sacral region of spinal cord
- GVAs arise from same cord level as GVEs (exit via anterior rami)
- Go to prevertebral plexus around abdominal aorta -> to postganglionic neurons in walls of midgut/enteric system + pelvic viscera
41
Q
Referred Pain (3)
A
- Visceral pain = dull + poorly localized (somatic pain sharp + easily localized)
- organ damage = no pain at organ but referred to body wall
- GSAs enter same SC level as GVAs -> brain + SC can’t clearly localize pain info from organs
