Blood and Lymph Disorders

Question 1

Normal HgB (Male)

Answer 1

13.5-18

Question 2

Normal HgB (Female)

Answer 2

12-16

Question 3

Normal HCT (Male)

Answer 3

42-52

Question 4

Normal HCT (Female)

Answer 4

37-47

Question 5

3 Causes of Anemia

Answer 5

declining production of protein
decrease in erythrocyte #
combination

Question 6

General Symptoms of Anemia

Answer 6

Fatigue
Pallor
Dyspnea
Tachycardia

Question 7

Iron Deficiency Anemia Causes (3)

Answer 7

• decreased intake of dietary iron
• chronic blood loss from ulcer, hemorrhoids, heavy menstrual flow
• malabsorption & achlorlydia

Question 8

Lab Results of Iron Deficiency Anemia

Answer 8

Low hemoglobin
Low hematocrit
Low ferritin

Question 9

Most common cause of Pernicious Anemia

Answer 9

malabsorption; may be resulted from autoimmune reaction

Question 10

Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia

Answer 10

Enlarged Tongue
Digestive discomfort (nausea & diarrhea)
Paraesthesia and Ataxia

Question 11

Diagnostic Tests and Treatments for Pernicious Treatment

Answer 11

• abnormal RBC appearance
• increased mesoblasts
• decreased granulocytes
• decreased B12
• Schiling’s Test: tests B12 absorption

Question 12

Aplastic Anemia Causes (4)

Answer 12

• idopathic
• myelotoxins: radiation, chemicals and drugs
• Hep C Virus
• Autoimmune disease (SLE)

Question 13

Lab Results of Aplastic Anemia

Answer 13

Pancytopenia

Question 14

Symptoms of Aplastic Anemia

Answer 14

Leukopenia-recurrent infections
Thrombocytopenia-petechiae
Uncontrollable infection and hemorrhage

Question 15

Treatments for Aplastic Anemia

Answer 15

Blood Transfusion

Bone Marrow transplant (prepare with chemo, post op take anti rejection drugs)

Question 16

What happens in a pt with Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 16

Formation of abnormal hemoglobin. During deoxygenation the RBC bc crystalized and changes into a crescent shape. The cell membrane becomes damaged causing cellular lysis

Question 17

Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 17

HbS recessive:
homozygotes- presents with clinical signs of anemia
heterozygotes-carry the sickle cell gene, but does not express. may experience hypoxia under severe conditions

Question 18

Signs of Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 18

Hyperbilirubinema/jaundice
Splenomegaly
Vascular occlusions, ulcers, necrosis in kidneys
CHF

Question 19

Patho of thallasemia

Answer 19

production of global chain decreases, accumulation of either the alpha or beta chain leads to damage in RBC membrane

Question 20

Hemophilia A

Answer 20

deficit/abnormaltiy of Factor VIII

Question 21

Hemophilia B

Answer 21

deficit factor IX

Question 22

Hemophilia C

Answer 22

deficit of Factor XI

Question 23

Hemophilia Symptoms

Answer 23

prolonged/severe hemorrhage following minor trauma, persistent oozing, hemoarthrosis, hematuria

Question 24

Hemophilia Treatment

Answer 24

DDAVP-stimulates endothelial cells to release stored factor VIII
IV Therapy

Question 25

Pathology of von Villebrand Disease

Answer 25

Platelets are no longer able to climb and stick to the walls of the blood vessel where the damage occurred

Question 26

Disseminating Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Answer 26

Clotting initiated by thromboplastin or injury causing adhesion of platelet causing thromboses & infarctions. Clotting factors are consumed and stimulates the fibrinolytic process leading to hemorrhage

Question 27

Increased risk of DIC (3)

Answer 27

obstetric complication gram-negative infection carcinoma

Question 28

Treatment of DIC

Answer 28

treating the underlying cause successfully, then the major current problem must also be treated

Question 29

Symptoms of DIC

Answer 29

Obstetric pts: more bleeding Cancer pts: clotting Vascular Occlusions

Question 30

How does polycythemia influence RBC

Answer 30

increases production of RBC in bone marrow

Question 31

Risks of polycythemia

Answer 31

leukemia and fibrosis

Question 32

Malignant Cell of ALL & CLL

Answer 32

B-lymphocyte

Question 33

Malignant Cell of AML & CML

Answer 33

Granulocytic stem cells

Question 34

Acute Monocytic Leukemia

Answer 34

Monocyte

Question 35

Hairy Cell Leukemia

Answer 35

B Lymphocyte

Question 36

General Leukemia Pathology

Answer 36

one or more types of leukocytes are undifferentiated, immature, nonfunctional and multiply uncontrollably

Question 37

Spread of Hodgkins Lymphoma vs Non Hodgkins

Answer 37

Hodgkins spreads from a lymph node to adjacent nodes in an orderly fashion, where as non hodgkins is scattered around the body and usually originates in the intestines

Question 38

S/Sx Polycythemia

Answer 38

``` Increased blood volume Bounding pulse Increased BP Hepatomegaly CHF Plethoric ```

Question 39

S/Sx leukemia

Answer 39

``` Multiple ongoing infections Hemorrhage Decreased erythrocytes Bone pain Fever Weight loss / fatigue ```