Blood and Lymph

Question 1

Define hypovolemic shock

Answer 1

Loss of fluid, not enough O2 etc, so you start to shut down.

Question 2

Blood

Answer 2

Formed elements (blood cells) and plasma (fluid liquid matrix)

Question 3

Lymph

Answer 3

lymphocytes and fluid. More dilute than blood, proteins and

Question 4

Blood function

Answer 4

Transport nutrients, O2, hormones, metabolic waste (to kidney), specialized immune cells

Question 5

Normal volume, pH and temp of blood

Answer 5

5-6 L in male, 4-5L in female. pH 7.35-7.45. 38C

Question 6

Normalvolemic, hypervolemic, hypovolemic

Answer 6

describing amount of fluid

Question 7

Order of blood vessels and functions

Answer 7

elastic artery, muscular artery (shunt blood), arteriole (controls blood pressure), continuous capillary (tight), fenestrated capillary (on venal side, pores), venule, medium vein and large vien

Question 8

Artery vs vein

Answer 8

Muscular, round vs flat, nonmuscular.

Question 9

Plasma composition

Answer 9

55% of blood, of which 92% H2O. Viscosity 1.5. 7% is protein (albumin, fibrinogen).

Question 10

Formed elements

Answer 10

RBC (99% of total), WBC, platelets, cell fragments.

Question 11

WBC (leukocyte) types and fn

Answer 11

Neutrophils (bacteria), lymphocytes (immune response), monocytes (become macrophage), eosinophils (anti-inflammatory), basophils (inflammatory)

Question 12

RBC

Answer 12

biconcave - strength and flexibility, surface area, stack. No intracellular structures (consume O2 but no repair). Hemoglobin. Space for 1billion O2 molecules/RBC. Surface proteins - A, B, D (Rh).

Question 13

WBC characteristics

Answer 13

Granular and not. Live a few days. Recruited by chemical signals (chemotaxis and diapedesis). 6-9k /uL

Question 14

Leukopenic and leukocytosis

Answer 14

Low 30,000/uL

Question 15

Granulocytes

Answer 15

Neutrophils (2x RBC, mobile, first to arrive, phagocytize and die, short life), eosinophils (phagocyte, attracted by AB-bound pathogen, numbers flux with allergy or infection), basophils (leave capillary, histamine, heparin (prevent clot), increase permeability)

Question 16

Agranular leukocytes

Answer 16

Monocyte (2-3x RBC, mobile, phagocyte, recruit other WBC and fibroblast (scar)), lymphocyte (T cell - enter peripheral and attack; B cell - become plasma cell and release AB; NK cells - destroy abnormal (cancer))

Question 17

Platelets

Answer 17

membrane-bound enzyme packs from megakaryocyte. 350k/uL. Clot. 1/3 in spleen (reserve for emerg)

Question 18

Thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis

Answer 18

1M platelets

Question 19

Lymph system

Answer 19

make and distribute lymphocytes, regulate blood volume. Alternate route for hormones, metabolic waste, lipids (returned to heart)

Question 20

Lymph flow

Answer 20

No pump, drawn by negative pressure by blood flowing by where lymph pours into blood again.

Question 21

Lymph vessels

Answer 21

very thin and fragile, low pressure, contain valves

Question 22

Lymph components

Answer 22

same fluid as interstitial fluid. 99% of cells are lymphocytes, 1% are macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils

Question 23

Primary lymph structures

Answer 23

Bone marrow, thymus (T cells), spleen (filter blood, store Fe) - produce and store lymphocytes (stem cells for T, B and NK)

Question 24

Secondary lymph structure

Answer 24

Where immune response typical starts. In lymph nodes, tonsils, etc.

Question 25

Lymph node

Answer 25

1-25mm. Filter lymph. T cells found towards outside in cortex, B cells inside medulla.

Question 26

Lymph tissue

Answer 26

Scattered aggregtions. Appendix, peyer’s patches (small int), tonsils.