Blood and Hematopoiesis

Question 1

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 1

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide, WBCs to infection, moves nutrients, picks up byproducts, carries platelets for clotting, heat distribution, hormones to site of action

Question 2

The two main components of blood are _____, which is mostly composed of water and solutes, and ____ like WBCs, RBCs, and platelets.

Answer 2

plasma, cells

Question 3

With an anticoagulant, blood separates into what three layers.

Answer 3

plasma, buffy coat, and RBCs

Question 4

What is in the buffy coat?

Answer 4

WBCs and platelets

Question 5

Without an anticoagulant, what two layers does the blood separate into?

Answer 5

Serum (plasma without ANY clotting factors. Instead, serum has drugs, hormones, water, etc.) and the bottom layer is composed of RBCs, WBCs, and clotting factors

Question 6

Why are blood smears important?

Answer 6

Gives an idea of quality and quantity of a blood sample (e.g. what do WBCs look like, high/low platelet count, etc)

Question 7

What is the purpose of erythrocyte biconcavity?

Answer 7

increased surface area for better gas circulation

Question 8

What is erythrocyte membrane composition and character?

Answer 8

Very flexible to fit in tight capillaries. Integral proteins: ion channels and antigen blood type. Peripheral proteins: spectrin.

Question 9

What disease is associated with spectrin defects?

Answer 9

hereditary spherocytosis

Question 10

Erythrocytes

Answer 10

120 day life
Biconcave increases surface area
No nuclei 
With Hb
Flexible

Question 11

Do RBCs have nuclei?

Answer 11

No, we want to make more room for Hb. Immature forms have nucleus and lose it as they mature.

Question 12

Myeloid Line

Answer 12

Differentiate into neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes (macrophages)
Nuclear/ cytoplasmic granule qualities

Question 13

Lymphoid Line

Answer 13

Differentiate into B, T lymphocytes or Natural killer cells

Question 14

Neutrophils

Answer 14

Granulocyte from myeloid lineage
Contains lysozyme and myeloperoxidase which is toxic to bacteria
6-8 hrs blood, days tissue
Can survive anaerobically
Pus (peroxide kills bacteria)
Key features: Nucleus segmented into 3-5 and smooth granules

Question 15

Eosinophil

Answer 15

Granylocyte from myeloid lineage
Classic in allergies/ parasite infection
Few hrs blood, days tissue
Key Features: 1 bilobed nucleus, large red/ pink stain, large rough granules

Question 16

Basophil

Answer 16

Granulocyte from myeloid lineage, minor component in peripheral blood
Assists with extreme response anaphylaxis because histamine, heparin
Key features: bilobed nucleus with large dark blue stain, difficult to see nucleus b/c of granules

Question 17

Monocytes

Answer 17

Agranular phagocytic leukocyte that can become a macrophage.
Hours in circulation, differentiate in tissue
Key features: kidney shaped/ oval nucleus, pale blue cytoplasm w/ vacuoles

Question 18

Platelets

Answer 18

Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes (that hang out on sinusoids) involved in clotting, full of granules
Key features: coagulate and look white, clumped in fiber

Question 19

What is hematopoiesis dependent on? (3)

Answer 19

Growth factors, cytokines, and microenvironment

Question 20

T/F. Myeloid and lymphoid progenitors form and differentiate in the bone marrow.

Answer 20

F.

Explanation: Myeloid stays in bone marrow. Lymphoid progenitors migrate to thymus/spleen/ lymph nodes

Question 21

Red bone marrow is ____ and yellow bone marrow is ____.

Answer 21

active, inactive

Question 22

Granulopoiesis

Answer 22

Granulocyte production
Takes 2 weeks
Requires GCSF growth factor
Nucleus shrinks and increase in granules
Precursors look similar until myelocyte stage when granule characteristics define them

Question 23

What is the order of cell differentiation?

Answer 23

Stem cells, progenitor cells, blast cells, mature cells

Question 24

Erythropoiesis

Answer 24

RBC production
Takes 1 week
Req. Erythropoietin GF make in kidney
Goes from blue with large nucleus- red no nucleus

Question 25

Neutrophil Compartments

Answer 25

Granylocytic and storage compartments
Circulating compartment- peripheral blood
Marginating compartment-accumulation on endothelial surface

Question 26

Megakaryocyte

Answer 26

Large cell with lobulated nucleus
Undergoes endomitosis, replication without division, platelets are shedded membrane
GF is thrombopoietin

Question 27

What are the sites of hematopoiesis from fetal to old age?

Answer 27

Liver and spleen early fetal months, shift to bone marrow until exclusively bone marrow postnatal