Blood and Circulatory system Flashcards

Question

What is a Ventricular fibrillation?

Answer 1

An abnormal heart rhythm in which the ventricles of the heart quiver due to disorganized electrical activity

Answer 2

A condition marked by bluish or purple colouring of the hands and feet, caused by slow circulation

Answer 3

Occurs when the supply of blood to the brain is reduced or blocked completely

Answer 4

Noticeably rapid, strong or irregular heart beat due to agitation, exertion or illness

Answer 5

Occurs when the aortic valve does not close tightly, which leads to a regurgitant flow of blood in the pumping chamber

Answer 6

Decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium

Answer 7

Abnormal hardening of body tissue

Answer 8

Stopping fibrillation of the heart by administrating a controlled electric shock to allow restoration of the normal rhythm

Answer 9

Local coagulation or clotting of the blood in a part of the circulatory system

Answer 10

A heart rhythm problem caused by irregular electrical signals in the lower chambers of the heart

Answer 11

Abnormal heart rhythm that starts in the atrial chambers of the heart

Answer 12

Deficiency of platelets in the blood

Answer 13

An excessive localised swelling of the wall of an artery

Answer 14

Thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring typically in old age

Answer 15

Pain caused by too little blood flow to muscles during exercise

Answer 16

Inflammation of the pericardium

Answer 17

Inflammation of the wall of a vein with associated thrombosis

Answer 18

Surgical removal of an embolus

Answer 19

Elevated pressure within the portal system, including the portal vein and the tributary veins that drain into it

Answer 20

RBS,WBCs, platelets and plasma

Answer 21

Plasma that has been stripped off its clotting factors.

Answer 22

Plasma usually contains about 90% water, with the remaining 10% made up of ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes, and dissolved gases. The ions, proteins, and other molecules found in plasma are important for maintaining blood pH and osmotic balance, with albumin (the main protein in human plasma) playing a particularly important role. Lipids, such as cholesterol, are also carried in plasma, but must travel with escort proteins because they don’t dissolve in water. Lipids, such as cholesterol, are also carried in plasma, but must travel with escort proteins because they don’t dissolve in water.

Answer 23

- erythrocytes, are specialized cells that circulate through the body and deliver oxygen to tissues. - small and biconcave and do not contain mitochondria or a nucleus when mature. - Play a role in transport of carbon dioxide, a waste product, from the tissues back to the lungs. Some of the carbon dioxide binds directly to hemoglobin, and red blood cells also carry an enzyme that converts carbon dioxide into bicarbonate. The bicarbonate dissolves in plasma and is transported to the lungs, where it's converted back into carbon dioxide and released. - average life span of 120 days

Answer 24

Old or damaged red blood cells are broken down in the liver and spleen, and new ones are produced in the bone marrow. Red blood cell production is controlled by the hormone erythropoietin, which is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels. This negative feedback loop ensures that the number of red blood cells in the body remains relatively constant over time.

Answer 25

Thrombocytes, cell fragments involved in blood clotting. They are produced when large cells called megakaryocytes break into pieces, each one making 2000-3000 platelets as it comes apart. Platelets are roughly disc-shaped and small, about 2-4 micrometers in diameter.

Answer 26

When the lining of a blood vessel is damaged (for instance, if you cut your finger deeply enough for it to bleed), platelets are attracted to the wound site, where they form a sticky plug. The platelets release signals, which not only attract other platelets and make them become sticky, but also activate a signaling cascade that ultimately converts fibrinogen, a water-soluble protein present in blood plasma, into fibrin (a non-water soluble protein). The fibrin forms threads that reinforce the platelet plug, making a clot that prevents further loss of blood.

Answer 27

White blood cells come in five major types, and these are divided into two different groups, named for their appearance under a microscope. One group, the granulocytes, includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, all of which have granules in their cytoplasm when stained and viewed on a microscope. The other group, the agranulocytes, includes monocytes and lymphocytes, which do not have granules in the cytoplasm.

Answer 28

A common precursor: a hematopoietic stem cell. A hallmark of stem cells is that they divide asymmetrically. That is, one daughter cell remains a stem cell of the same type, while the other daughter cell acquires a new identity. For hematopoietic stem cells, which are found in the bone marrow, one daughter cell remains a hematopoietic stem cell, while the other goes on to become a different type of stem cell: either a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell.

Answer 29

The myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells also divide asymmetrically, with their non-stem cell daughters generating the mature cell types of the blood. Myeloid stem cells give rise to red blood cells, platelets, and some types of white blood cells, while lymphoid stem cells give rise to the types of white blood cells classified as lymphocytes.