Blood and Breath

Question 0

What are the Formed Elements of blood??

Answer 0

The lower lever of stirred blood made of Blood cells and cell fragments making up 45% of blood.

Question 1

Cardiovascular System?

Answer 1

A fluid transport system that consists if the heart, all the blood vessels in the body, the blood that flows through these vessels, and the bone marrow tissue in which red blood cells are formed.

Question 2

Define plasma??

Answer 2

The upper liquid level of stirred blood where the Formed Elements are suspended. 92% water and 3 proteins: 1: Albumins
               2: Fibrimogen
               3: Globulins
These make up 7%. 
The rest are electrolytes and nutrients.

Question 3

Red Blood Cells(Erythrocytes)?

Answer 3

99.9% of Formed Elements found in blood. 1/3 of all cells in body. Cell membrane surrounding nothing but hemoglobin. Carry O2 to and some CO2 from body tissues.
Also contains enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase.

Question 4

White Blood Cells(Leukocytes)??

Answer 4

Standard cell structure. Mostly found in tissue than in bloodstream. Important part of immune system. They utilize bloodstream to reach infected areas.

Question 5

Platelets(Thrombocytes)??

Answer 5

Cell fragments(do not have nucleus) from bone marrow cells. Involved in hemostasis, which leads to blood clotting.

Question 6

Albumins??

Answer 6

Plasma protein made in liver for transport of Hormones and Fatty Acids.

Question 7

Fibrinogen?

Answer 7

Plasma protein made in liver. Aids in blood clotting.

Question 8

Globulins??

Answer 8

Plasma protein

1: immunoglobulin or antibodies
2: transport proteins (lipoprotein)

Question 9

Arteries??

Answer 9

Blood vessels that carry blood away from heart.

Question 10

Veins??

Answer 10

Blood vessels that carry blood to heart. Contain Valves to prevent back flow due to loss of pressure.

Question 11

Capillaries??

Answer 11

Made of a single layer of cells. The smallest blood vessels connecting arteries to veins. So small so materials can easily pass through.

Question 12

What are the 3 layers of tissues that make up Arteries and Veins??

Answer 12

1: epithelial cells=inner most layer. Come in contact with nutrients.
2: smooth muscle: middle layer. Allows constriction/expansion.
3: connective tissue

Question 13

What are the 2 networks of blood vessels in the Cardiovascular System??

Answer 13

1: Pulmonary Circuit
2: Systemic Circuit

Question 14

Pulmonary Circuit??

Answer 14

Consists of Right-Side of Heart, Lungs, and associated Vessels. Controls blood flow between heart and lungs.

Question 15

Systemic Circuit??

Answer 15

Consists of Left-Side of Heart. Carries blood to, and removes waste from body tissues.

Question 16

Semilunar Valves??

Answer 16

Valves of the Heart that prevent the back flow of blood.

1: Tricuspid (Right Atrioventricular)
2: Pulmonary
3: Mitral (Left Atrioventricular)
4: Aortic

Question 17

Sinoatrial Node??

Answer 17

The wall of muscular tissue that surrounds the Right Atrium. Function like nerve cells, generating and transmitting electrical signals.

Question 18

Coronary Arteries??

Answer 18

2 Arteries that branch immediately from Aorta.

Question 19

Heart Attack??

Answer 19

Complete blockage of a Coronary Artery. The cap of plaque ruptures, causing the immune system to form a blood clot, thus sealing of the artery.

Question 20

Systolic Pressure??

Answer 20

Produced as the Left Ventricle contracts to pump blood up Aorta.

Question 21

Diastolic Pressure??

Answer 21

Pressure when the ventricles are relaxed.

Question 22

Capillary Beds??

Answer 22

The delivery vehicles of the Cardiovascular System submerged in Interstitial Fluid. Found in between Arterioles and Venules. No cell is more than 2-3 cells outside a capillary.

Question 23

Central functions of the Respiratory System??

Answer 23

1: Circulation of O2
2: Disposal of CO2
3: Aid in pH maintenance
4: speech

Question 24

Respiration??

Answer 24

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere outside the body and the cells within it.

Question 25

Structure of the Respiratory System??

Answer 25

1: Sinus
2: Nose
3: Nasal Cavity
4: Pharynx
5: Larynx
6: Trachea
7: Esophagus
8: Lungs
9: Bronchus
10: Bronchioles
11: Alveoli

Question 26

Bronchioles?

Answer 26

Small air passages that deliver O2 to Lungs.

Question 27

Alveoli??

Answer 27

Hollow sacs that sprout like grapes at the end of Bronchioles covered with Capillaries. The air-exchange chambers of the Lung. 300 million in a pair of Lungs to increase surface area.

Question 28

Ventilation?

Answer 28

The first step in Respiration. It’s breathing. The physical movement of air in and out of Lungs by contraction (in) and relaxation (out) of Diaphragm.

Question 29

Hemoglobin?

Answer 29

Iron-containing protein within Redblood Cells that binds with O2 and some CO2. Prefers CO over O2.

Question 30

How does CO2 expel from body?

Answer 30

3 ways:
1: 5-10% dissolves in Plasma (Carbolic Acid. Aids pH)

2: 5-10% binds to Hemoglobin
3: converted to Bicarbonate Ions by enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase in RBC’s.

Question 31

Why can O2 and CO2 move across membranes via simple diffusion??

Answer 31

Because they are small, uncharged particles. Nonpolar.