Microevolution

Question 0

Define Population??

Answer 0

Members of a species that live in a defined geographic region at a given time.

Question 1

Define species??

Answer 1

A group of organisms that can successfully breed with one another but not others.

Question 2

Define Genotype??

Answer 2

Genetic makeup of an organism.

Question 3

Define Phenotype??

Answer 3

Observable traits of an organism.

Question 4

Define Alleles??

Answer 4

Variant forms of a gene. One from both parents.

• One organism usually has 2.
• Population has many (gene pool)

Question 5

Define Gene Pool??

Answer 5

All the Alleles that exist in a population.

Question 6

Define Microevolution??

Answer 6

Change of Allele frequency in a population over short periods of time??

Question 7

Define Macroevolution??

Answer 7

Significant evolutionary change resulting in the formation of a new species.

Question 8

Define Gene Flow??

Answer 8

Movement of genes from one population to another.

Question 9

Define Migration??

Answer 9

Movement of individuals from one population to the territory of another.

Question 10

Define Adaptation??

Answer 10

Modifications caused by Natural Selection over generations in response to environmental change.

Question 11

Define Fitness??

Answer 11

Success of an organism in passing its genes to offspring relative to other members.

Question 12

Define Theory of Evolution??

Answer 12

Change of frequency of alleles within a gene pool over time.

Question 13

List the Principles of Evolution??

Answer 13

• Common Descent with Modification

- Natural Selection

Question 14

Define Common Descent with Modifications??

Answer 14

Successive modifications of generations from a common ancestor, leading to new species.

Question 15

Define Natural Selection??

Answer 15

Passing down of phenotypic traits that give a reproductive advantage. Most important mechanism for creating complex adaptations in nature.

Question 16

List evolutionary processes??

Answer 16

• Variation: genetic variation caused by mutations, needed in sufficient amounts for natural selection to occur.
• Heredity: the transmission of genotypes from one generation to the next.
• Differential Reproduction: organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to pass down genetic material in greater numbers than others.

Question 17

Define Sexual Selection??

Answer 17

Mating based on Phenotype.

Question 18

Define Adaptation??

Answer 18

Modifications over generations in response to environmental change.

Question 19

Define Polygenic Traits??

Answer 19

A phenotype that is influenced by more than one gene.

Question 20

3 modes of Natural Selection??

Answer 20

• Stabilizing Selection: genetic diversity decreases and population stabilizes in intermediate trait.
• Directional Selection: extreme phenotypes are favored causing shift in one direction.
• Disruptive Selection: main driving force behind new species arising. The movement of traits towards 2 opposite extremes, leading to 2 seperate species.

Question 21

Define Mutations??

Answer 21

A change in alleles, causing new genetic information to arise.

• Can have no effect
• Alter product
• Prevent gene function

Question 22

Define and list Point Mutations??

Answer 22

The replacement of a single nucleotide base with another.

• nonsense: converts amino codon to termination codon
• Missense: code for different amino
• Silent: codes for same amino. Has no noticeable effect.

Question 23

Define Frameshift mutation??

Answer 23

INDEL of nucleotides, changing reading frame resulting in different Translation.

Question 24

List Dominant Allele Mutations??

Answer 24

• Hypermorphic: increase in normal gene function (high levels of protein)
• Antimorphic: protein inactivates
• Neomorphic: gene function that’s different from normal function.

Question 25

List Recessive Allele Mutations??

Answer 25

• Amorphic: complete loss of gene function.

- Hypomorph: partial loss of gene function

Question 26

Define and list causes of Genetic Drift??

Answer 26

Chance alteration of allele frequency, affecting small populations greatly.

• Bottleneck Effect: allele frequency change by chance after sharp population decline.
• Founders Effect: migration, not survival, of small sub population to new area to start anew.

Question 27

Define Gene Flow??

Answer 27

Transfer of Alleles or genes from one population to another through migration.