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Histology > Blood and Bone Marrow > Flashcards

Blood and Bone Marrow Flashcards

1
Q

Why is blood considered to be connective tissue?

A

Blood is specialized connective tissue because it contains cells dispersed in plasma and non cellular materials (formed elements i.e. proteins)

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2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. Acts as a transport medium for gases, nutrients, and waste products
  2. Transports immune cells and platelets to the sites where they are needed
  3. Transports hormones
  4. Distributes heat
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3
Q

What exactly are formed elements in the blood?

A

Cells and fragments of cells suspended in plasma

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4
Q

What fraction of the blood do Formed elements comprise?

A

45%

This is the red layer which is made up erythrocytes (44%) and a narrow buffy coat made up of WBCs and platelets (thrombocytes) (1%)

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5
Q

What fraction of the blood does plasma make up?

A

55%

Contains proteins like

  • albumin (transports fats and lipids)
  • globulins (proteins)
  • fibrinogen (works with platelets to aid clot)
  • ions
  • nutrients
  • waste products (urea)
  • regulatory substances
  • gases (CO2 & O2)
  • General: water, proteins, and other solutes
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6
Q

Erythrocytes Characteristics

A
  • Biconcave shaped disc (Shape increases surface area for oxygen transport )
  • Size: 7-8 micrometers
  • Develop in the bone marrow of long bones
  • Loses nucleus and organelles during development
  • Contains hemoglobin (& few soluble enzymes)
  • Pliable enough to fit through capillaries (3-4 micrometers)
  • Functional in blood
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7
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

Process of RBC formation in the bone marrow

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8
Q

What can trigger erythropoiesis?

A

Hypoxia (low oxygen in the blood)

Anemia

High altitudes

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9
Q

List the stages of erythropoiesis

A
  1. Proerythroblasts
  2. Erythroblasts (normoblasts)
    1. Basophilic erythroblasts
    2. Polychromatic erythroblasts
    3. Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
  3. Reticulocyte
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10
Q

Describe the process of RBC production

A
  1. Pluripotent stems cells in bone marrow divide into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.
  2. Myeloid stem cells are stimulated to become proerythroblasts by the secretion of erythropoietin by the kidneys during hypoxia
  3. Proerythroblasts divide to form basophilic erythroblasts which have begun producing hemoglobin but the production is very low
  4. Basophilic erythroblasts divide to form polychromatophilic erythroblasts which have higher levels of hemoglobin and appear redder
  5. Polychromatophilic erythroblasts will then divide into orthochromatophilic erythroblasts and with this conversion Hb production increases, chromosomes condense (no gene expression and protein production), organelles shrink, and cell size shrink.
  6. At the end of the orthochromatophilic stage, the nucleus is extruded from the cell and the erythroblast is now a reticulocyte
  7. Reticulocytes are the final developmental stage before the cell is mature, it is anucleate with a bluish ting due to it being slightly basophilic.
  8. Reticulocytes are the final stage in development and will be released into the bloodstream but they will become erythrocytes after 2-3 days when the basophilic material disappears.
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11
Q

How is erythropoiesis regulated?

A

When blood passes through the kidneys it is checked for oxygenation

If blood oxygenation is low the kidneys will secrete erythropoietin stimulating myeloid stem cells to become proerythroblasts

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12
Q

Where is bone marrow found?

A

Marrow cavity of long bones and in between the trabeculae of spongy bones in all bones

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13
Q

What is a blood sinusoid?

A

An irregular tubular space that takes the place of capillaries in the bone marrow

This is because veins and arteries enter the bone and gradually get smaller as they distribute throughout the bones and capillaries, venules, arterioles may not be present?

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14
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

Redbone marrow → blood-forming has an abundance of hemopoietic cells and blood

Yellow bone marrow → filled with adipocytes that exclude most hemopoietic cells

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15
Q

Bone marrow changes from red to yellow?

A

Redbone marrow is present mainly in newborns but as they develop it gradually changes to yellow bone marrow particularly in adulthood.

Yellow bone marrow can revert to red bone marrow if there is hypoxia or severe bleeding

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16
Q

What is Red bone marrow made up of?

A

Reticular fibers

Hemopoietic cords or islands of cells

17
Q

How do leukocytes differ from erythrocytes?

A
  • Larger
  • nucleated
  • Can function in and outside of the blood (tissues)
18
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

19
Q

Characteristics of granulocytes

A
  • Prominent cytoplasmic granules may contain basic, acidic, or neutral components that can stain differently
  • Multilobed or segmented nuclei → Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
  • Produced in the bone marrow
20
Q

What are the most abundant leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils (60-70% of all leukocytes in the blood)

21
Q

Characteristics of neutrophils

A
  • Slightly bigger than RBCs (9-12 micrometers)
  • Multilobed nucleus (3-5 lobes joined by thin nuclear strands)
  • Unstained cytoplasmic granules (or slightly lavender)
  • Phagocytic cells
  • Short-lived
22
Q

What percentage of the blood do eosinophils make up?

A

Less than (

23
Q

Characteristics of eosinophils?

A
  • Slightly larger than neutrophils (10-14 micrometers)
  • 2 lobed nucleus
  • cytoplasmic granules stain red
  • Active in combating parasitic infections
  • Phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes and temper allergic reactions
24
Q

What percentage of the blood do basophils make up?

A

Less than 1%

Rare in blood

25
Q

Characteristics of basophils

A

Slightly larger than RBCs (8-10 micrometer)

Large dark purple granules cover the nucleus making it hard to see the S-shaped nucleus

Involved in inflammatory response like mast cells

26
Q

List the stages of granulopoiesis

A
  1. Myeloblasts
  2. Promyeloblasts
  3. Myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocytes
  5. Stab (band) cells
  6. Mature granulocytes
27
Q

Monopoiesis

A

During monopoiesis, the cells become smaller and the nuclear indentation is more prominent

Monocytes develop from myeloid stem cells

Pass through monoblast

Pass through promonocyte

Mature monocyte

28
Q

Describe thrombopoiesis

A
  1. Megakaryocytes arise in the bone marrow
  2. Develop from megakaryoblasts
  3. Large polyploid cells (undergoes several rounds of DNA replication without cytokinesis or nuclear division)
  4. Megakaryocytes are too big to enter the sinusoidal vessels in the bone so they press against it and force fragments of themselves into the vessels forming platelets that leave the bone marrow and enter the periphery
  5. After producing up to 1000-3000 platelets the megakaryocyte can enter the vessel where it will be destroyed by macrophages.
29
Q

What is thrombopoiesis

A

Thrombopoiesis—platelet production

30
Q

Characteristic of megakaryocytes

A

50-100 micrometers

Large lobed nucleus (a large neutrophil)

Histology (9 decks)

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