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Science Topic 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the blood?

A

to transport oxygen, nutrients, waste and hormones around the body

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2
Q

Where is blood found?

A

inside the heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

Is blood thicker than water?

A

yes, it is 5x thicker than water

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4
Q

What is the normal pH level for blood?

A

pH of 7.35-7.45 is a normal range

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5
Q

What happens if the pH level of the blood is too high or too low?

A

the cell membrane will start to fall apart

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6
Q

What is the liquid part of the blood called?

A

plasma

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7
Q

What is the volume of blood an adult would approx have?

A

around 5 litres

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8
Q

What is blood made out of?

A

blood is made up of plasmas ( the fluid ), and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

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9
Q

What is plasma?

A

> plasma is transparent

> it is the liquid part of the blood

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10
Q

What is plasma made out of?

A

plasma is 91% water, 8 % proteins and 1% other solutions

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11
Q

What substances are transported in the plasma of the blood?

A

nutrients, hormones, gases, waste and electrolytes / ions

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12
Q

Describe erythrocytes ( red blood cells )

A

> they are small round cells which are biconcave
they have very few organelles and no nucleus
they are full of haemoglobin
erythrocytes have a life span of 120 days
erythrocytes are made in the red bone marrow
you have around 5000 million erythrocytes per mL of blood

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13
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin?

A

to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissue

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14
Q

Describe leukocytes ( white blood cells )

A

> they only make up 1% of the blood volume

> they are vitally important in protecting the body

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15
Q

Leukocytes are split into 2 categories. These are..

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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16
Q

What is granulocytes?

A

granulocytes have granules that can be seen in the cytoplasm after the cells are stained and magnified

17
Q

What is agranulocytes?

A

agranulocytes do not have visible granules. it is a white blood cell that doesn’t contain any visible granules in its cytoplasm

18
Q

Describe thrombocytes ( platelets )

A

these are formed elements that are responsible for blood clotting but aren’t technically cells - instead they are fragments of a giant cell

19
Q

why do we sometimes use the term “formed elements” instead of cells when referring to red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets ?

A

because platelets are not whole cells, they are just fragments

20
Q

What is haemoglobin ?

A

it is a protein found inside RBC (intracellular) that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
haeme + globin

21
Q

Describe haemoglobin

A

> 97 % of the oxygen in the blood is carried by haemoglobin
the protein is made up of 4 globin chains and 4 haeme groups
the normal range for women is 120 - 150 g/L
the normal range for men is 140 - 180 g/L

22
Q

What would happen if an infection or inflammation was to occur?

A

more leukocytes would be produced

23
Q

What would happen if oxygen levels in the blood were low?

A

more erythrocytes would be produced

24
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

it is a normal blood oxygen level

25
Q

Why is it useful fo erythrocytes not to have a nucleus ?

A

So they are able to hold more haemoglobin and oxygen. they can fold down to squeeze through small blood vessels such as capillaries

26
Q

What is an antigen?

A

it is a substance that the body recognises as being forge in to the body

27
Q

What are antibodies ?

A

they are “recognisers”. they recognise any foreign antigens and bind to them, ultimately destroying them.

28
Q

Where can antibodies be found?

A

in the plasma of the blood

29
Q

What is the purpose of antibodies?

A

the purpose is defend the body against “forge in” blood cells

30
Q

What is the Rhesus system?

A

it is a second blood typing method that will also cause serious reaction if there is a mismatch in the Rhesus system.

31
Q

What are the four main blood groups?

A

A, B, AB and O.

32
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

it is when there is a break in the blood vessel and the body needs to respond rapidly and stop the flow of blood

33
Q

What are the three steps of haemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasms occur
  2. platelet plugs form
  3. coagulation event occurs

Science Topic 2 (7 decks)

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