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RIA - HAEMATOLOGY > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

what may presence of Schistocytes indicate?

A
  • HUS
  • DIC
  • TTP
  • haemolytic anaemia
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2
Q

causes of MICROCYTIC anaemia? (TAILS)

A
  • Thalassaemia
  • Anaemia of chronic disease
  • Iron deficiency anaemia
  • Lead poisoning
  • Sideroblastic anaemia
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3
Q

iron deficiency anaemia blood film findings?

A

microcytic hypochromic anaemia

low ferritin

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4
Q

causes of NORMOCYTIC anaemia? (5)

A
  • Acute blood loss
  • Aplastic anaemia
  • Haemolytic anaemia
  • Hypothyroidism
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5
Q

2 divisions of macrocytic anaemia

A

megaloblastic & normoblastic

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6
Q

what is megaloblastic anaemia

A

impaired DNA synthesis caused by a vitamin deficiency. this results in the cell continuously growing instead of dividing

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7
Q

cause of megaloblastic anaemia (2)

A
  • vitamin B12 def

- folate def

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8
Q

5 causes of MACROCYTIC anaemia

A
  • alcohol
  • hypothyroidism
  • reticulocytosis
  • liver disease
  • azathiprine
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9
Q

symptoms of anaemia

A
  • tiredness
  • sob
  • headache
  • dizzy
  • palpitations
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10
Q

2 specific symptoms of Iron deficiency anaemia

A
  • pica

- hair loss

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11
Q

what is pica & what its related to

A

specific symptom of iron deficiency anaemia

dietary cravings for specific things e.g. dirt

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12
Q

sign in haemolytic anaemia

A

jaundice

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13
Q

bone deformities occur in which blood disorder

A

thalassaemia

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14
Q

4 specific examination signs in Fe def anaemia

A
  • atrophic glossitis
  • angular stomatitis
  • brittle hair & nails
  • Koilonychia
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15
Q

6 initial blood tests for invx anaemia

A
  • Haemoglobin
  • MCV - mean cell volume
  • B12
  • Folate
  • Ferritin
  • Blood film
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16
Q

4 causes of iron deficiency anaemia

A
  • increased requirements e.g. pregnancy
  • poor absorption
  • blood loss (slow)
  • poor diet
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17
Q

where is iron absorbed

A
  • duodenum

- jejunum

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18
Q

group of medications that can affect Iron levels due to affecting acidity of stomach

A

Protein pump inhibitors

19
Q

medical conditions affecting Fe absorption

A

Chrons disease

Coeliac disease

20
Q

most common causes of GI tract bleeding (2)

A
  • gastritis

- oesophagitis

21
Q

TIBC & transferrin levels in Iron deficiency anaemia

A

both are high

22
Q

expected rise of haemoglobin with iron supplementation

A

10 grams/litre per week

23
Q

how is slow correction of iron deficiency anaemia achieved?

A

Ferrous sulfate 200 mg TDS

24
Q

SE iron tabs

A
  • black stools

- constipated

25
Q

Vitamin B12 found in which foods?

A

meat, fish, dairy products

26
Q

what is Vit B12 bound to in the stomach

A

intrinsic factor

27
Q

4 causes of B12 deficiency

A
  • pernicious anaemia
  • dietary e.g. vegans
  • ileal resection
  • chrons disease
28
Q

pathophysiology of Pernicious anaemia

A

Autoimmune condition where antibodies form against parietal cells or intrinsic factor

29
Q

what cells produce intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells of stomach

30
Q

neurological symptoms of low Vit B12

A
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • loss of vibration sense & proprioception
  • visual changes
  • mood/cognitive changes
31
Q

auto antibodies in pernicious anaemia

A

1) Intrinsic factor antibody

2) Gastric parietal cell antibody

32
Q

dietary replacement for Vit B12 deficiency?

A

cyanocobalamin

33
Q

Treatment of Vit B12 deficiency anaemia due to malabsorption

A

1mg of intramuscular hydroxycobalamin 3 times weekly for 2 weeks

34
Q

treatment of folate deficiency anaemia?

A

treat B12 deficiency first

then folate

35
Q

treating B12 deficiency with folic acid can lead to what?

A

subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord

36
Q

inheritance of beta & alpha thalassaemia

A

autosomal recessive

37
Q

patho of thalassaemia?

A

The red blood cells are more fragile, therefore break down more easily. The bone marrow expands to produce extra blood cells –> susceptibility to fractures & pronounced forehead and malar eminences

38
Q

signs & symptoms of thalassaemia?

A
  • pronounced forehead and malar eminences
  • poor growth & development
  • splenomegaly
  • jaundice
  • pallor
  • gall stones
  • fatigue
  • MICROCYTIC ANAEMIA
39
Q

thalassaemia - type of anaemia?

A

microcytic anaemia (low MCV)

40
Q

how is thalassaemia diagnosed? (3)

A
  • FBC: microcytic anaemia
  • Haemoglobin electrophoresis
  • DNA testing
41
Q

in Thalassaemia, what occurs as a result of frequent blood transfusions?

A

IRON overload

42
Q

symptoms of iron overload (7)

A 
Fatigue
Liver cirrhosis
Infertility and impotence
Heart failure
Arthritis
Diabetes
Osteoporosis and joint pain
43
Q

management of iron overload

A

iron chelators

44
Q

eg. of iron chelator & side effects?

A

Deferoxamine

  • blurred vision
  • ringing in ears
  • dizziness

RIA - HAEMATOLOGY (6 decks)

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