Blood

Question 1

Plasmocytes:

a) are derived from B lymphocytes that migrated into the connective tissue
b) originate in the kidney
c) originate in the bone marrow and leave the bone marrow as B cells
d) produce large volumes of antibodies

Answer 1

A,c,d

Question 2

Plasma cells (plasmocytes, effector B cells):

a) are white blood cells which produce large volumes of antibodies
b) are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system
c) originate in the bone marrow
d) their terminal differentiation takes place normally in lymph nodes

Answer 2

A,b,c,d

Question 3

Lymphoid stem cells (lymphoid lineages) take part in the development of:

a) thrombocytes
b) neutrophils
c) lymphocytes
d) monocytes

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The myeloid lineage of hematopoiesis gives rise to:

a) monocytes and macrophages
b) neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
c) erythrocytes
d) megakaryocytes and blood platelets

Answer 4

A,b,c,d

Question 5

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs):

a) are multipotent stem cells
b) give rise to all the blood cell types from the myeloid lineage
c) give rise only to red blood cells and no other blood cells
d) form a heterogenous cell population

Answer 5

A,b,d

Question 6

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs):

a) are present only during embryonic development and disappear before birth
b) give rise to all the blood cell types from the myeloid lineage
c) give rise to all the blood cell types from the lymphoid lineage
d) can not be found in the peripheral blood during adult life

Answer 6

B,c

Question 7

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs):

a) are found only in the liver and no other organs
b) can be found in the bone marrow of femurs, hip, ribs and sternum
c) can be obtained directly by removal from the hip using a needle and syringe

d) can be obtained from the blood following pre-treatment with certain cytokines
(e. g. granulocyte colony-stimulating factors)

Answer 7

B,c,d

Question 8

Hematopoiesis:

a) in children occurs in the marrow of the long bones such as the femur and tibia
b) in adults occurs mainly in the pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, and sternum
c) can be influenced by various types of pathological conditions
d) occurs frequently in nervous tissue

Answer 8

A,b,c

Question 9

The percentage:

a) of the neutrophils in white blood count is about 60–70%
b) of the eosinophils in white blood count is about 10%
c) of basophils in white blood count is about 5%
d) of the monocytes in the white blood count is about 1%

Answer 9

A

Question 10

Reticulocytes:

a) are immature erythrocytes
b) can posses remnants of organelles and some ribosomal RNA in the cytoplasm
c) posses big basofilic nuclei
d) are present in the blood stream

Answer 10

A,b,d

Question 11

Reticulocytes:

a) compose about 1% of the red blood cells in the blood stream
b) develop and mature in the red bone marrow

c) circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red
blood cells

d) posses a cell nucleus

Answer 11

A,b,c

Question 12

Promyelocyte (progranulocyte):

a) is a granulocyte precursor
b) is developed from the myeloblast
c) is developing into the myelocyte
d) takes part in the development of erythrocytes

Answer 12

A,b,c

Question 13

Red blood cells:

a) contain the cytoplasm which is rich in hemoglobin, an iron-containing biomo-
lecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the blood’s red color

b) in mature form they are flexible biconcave discs that lack a cell nucleus
c) do not develop in the bone marrow

d) circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled
by macrophages

Answer 13

A,b,d

Question 14

Erythrocytes:

a) in a mature form have a typical human erythrocytes disc shape, a diameter of
6–8 µm and a thickness of 2 µm

b) women have about 4 to 5 million erythrocytes per microliter (cubic millimeter)
of blood

c) men have about 5 to 6 million erythrocytes per microliter (cubic millimeter) of
blood

d) people living at higher altitudes with lower oxygen tension will have less ery-
throcytes

Answer 14

A,b,c

Question 16

White blood cells:

a) are flexible biconcave discs
b) women have always less white blood cells then men

c) there are under normal physiological conditions 4,000-11,000 white blood cells
per microliter (cubic millimeter) of blood

d) people living at higher altitudes with lower oxygen tension will have less white
blood cells

Answer 16

C

Question 17

Blood platelets:

a) are cells with nuclei with two nucleoli
b) women have always less platelets then men

c) there are under normal physiological conditions 150,000-400,000 platelets per
microliter (cubic millimeter) of blood

d) people living at higher altitudes with lower oxygen tension will have less white
blood cells

Answer 17

C

Question 18

Mature red blood cells:

a) contain no nucleus
b) carry hemoglobin, a protein which is responsible for the transport of more than 98% of the oxygen (the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma)

c) are produced through a process called erythropoiesis, developing from commit-
ted stem cells to mature erythrocytes in about 7 days

d) develop by erythropoiesis solely situated in the liver during an entire human life

Answer 18

A,b,c

Question 19

Erythropoiesis:

a) is the development process in which new erythrocytes are produced
b) takes place in the red bone marrow of large bones

c) can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), synthesised by the
kidneys

d) can be stimulated by stress and infection

Answer 19

A,b,c

Question 19

Functional lifetime of erythrocytes:

a) lasts about 1–2 days
b) ends with the process called eryptosis (erythrocyte programmed cell death)
c) is influenced by certain pathologies like sepsis
d) is not influenced by the characteristics of erythrocytes, e.g. by their shape

Answer 19

B,c

Question 20

The membrane of the red blood cell:

a) plays role in regulating its surface deformability and flexibility

b) is composed of glycocalyx rich in carbohydrates and the lipid bilayer which
contains transmembrane proteins

c) contains the membrane skeleton, a structural network of proteins located on the
inner surface of the lipid bilayer

d) does not contain any phospholipids

Answer 20

A,b,c

Question 21

Erythrocytes:

a) in males, there are around 4.7 to 6.1 millions of erythrocytes per 1 mm3
b) in females, there are around 4.2 to 5.4 millions of erythrocytes per 1 mm3
c) contain hemoglobin and distribute oxygen
d) posses nucleus and many organelles in the cytoplasm

Answer 21

A,b,c

Question 22

Leukocytes:

a) there are around 4,000–11,000 per 1mm3 in the peripheral blood
b) are regulated by the presence of antigenes
c) posses no nucleus
d) develop from megakaryocytes

Answer 22

A

Question 23

Thrombocytes:

a) there are around 200,000-500,000 per 1mm3 in the peripheral blood
b) they are responsible for blood clotting
c) they change fibrinogen into fibrin
d) they contain dark nucleus with pale nucleolus

Answer 23

A,b,c

Question 24

Blood plasma:

a) forms about 30% of whole blood
b) its total volume is around 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an average human
c) circulates dissolved nutrients
d) does not contain urea and lactic acid

Answer 24

B,c

Question 25

Erythrocytes:

a) have a plasma life of about 120 days
b) they are degraded by the spleen and the Kupffer cells in the liver
c) have phagocytic properties
d) transport oxygen

Answer 25

A,b,d

Question 26

In the erythrocytes:

a) about 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human
breathing air at sea-level pressure is chemically combined with the hemoglobin

b) about 1.5% of oxygen is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not
connected to hemoglobin

c) the nucleus is large and dark
d) the endoplasmic reticulum is abundant

Answer 26

A,b

Question 27

Hemoglobin F:

a) is a normal form of hemoglobin in adults

b) is a fetal form of hemoglobin with much higher affinity for oxygen then adult
form

c) is produced because of much lower oxygen pressures in fetal circulation
d) is present in fetal erythrocytes

Answer 27

B,c,d

Question 28

Blood formation occurs during the ontogeny:

a) in developing embryos in aggregates of blood cells in the yolk sac
b) in the spleen
c) in the liver and lymph nodes
d) in nervous tissue

Answer 28

A,b,c

Question 29

Secondary lymphoid organs:

a) provide maturation and activation of lymphoid cells
b) comprise spleen and lymph nodes
c) contain reticular fibers in the stroma
d) are not vascularized

Answer 29

A,b,c

Question 30

Megakaryocytes:

a) are large cells with approximately 50–100 µm in diameter
b) their nuclei can become large and lobulated
c) are derived from promyelocytes
d) differentiate in erythrocytes

Answer 30

A,b

Question 31

Megakaryocytes:

a) are derived from hematopoietic stem cells
b) their production is regulated by thrombopoietin (TPO)
c) develop from megakaryoblasts and promegakaryocyte
d) do not have the ability to divide

Answer 31

A,b,c,d

Question 32

Megakaryocytes:

a) differentiate in megakaryoblasts and promegakaryocyte
b) do not have the ability to divide
c) are able to replicate its DNA
d) are able to become polyploid

Answer 32

B,c,d

Question 33

Mature megakaryocytes:

a) form small proto-platelet processes
b) emit platelets mainly into lung alveoli
c) releases newly-produced platelets in circulation

d) after budding off platelets its cell nucleus crosses the bone marrow barrier to
the blood and is consumed in the lung by alveolar macrophages

Answer 33

A,c,d

Question 34

Platelets (thrombocytes):

a) have dark nucleus and pale nucleolus
b) are small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments
c) their size is 2–3 µm in diameter
d) their average lifespan is normally just 5 to 9 days

Answer 34

B,c,d

Question 35

Mature lymphocytes:

a) live more then 100 days in average
b) are a critical part of the immune system

c) must be continuously generated throughout life by cell division and differenti-
ation

d) are generated from cells such as common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs)

Answer 35

B,c,d

Question 36

Mature lymphocytes:

a) are located mainly in peripheral blood and do not cross the vascular wall in the
connective tissue

b) are a critical part of the immune system
c) have short lives measured in days or weeks

d) must be continuously generated throughout life by cell division and differenti-
ation

Answer 36

B,c,d

Question 37

T and B lymphocytes:

a) are indistinguishable histologically, which means under a light microscope (using
general staining methods) they cannot be told apart

b) can be distinguished using immunocytochemistry
c) posses different surface markers
d) have common progenitor cells

Answer 37

A,b,c,d

Question 38

A peripheral blood smear:

a) is a thin layer of blood smeared on a microscope slide
b) is usually stained to allow microscopic examination
c) visualizes proteins and saccharides
d) occasionally parasites within the blood such as malaria can be present

Answer 38

A,b,d

Question 39

Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes):

a) are characterized by the presence of differently staining granules in their cyto-
plasm when viewed under light microscopy

b) can be divided in neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
c) posses no nuclei
d) posses a lot of hemoglobin in their cytoplasm

Answer 39

A,b

Question 40

Agranulocytes (mononuclear leukocytes):

a) contain non-specific azurophilic granules, which are lysosomes
b) include lymphocytes and monocytes
c) do not posses any nuclei
d) belong to white blood cells

Answer 40

A,b,d

Question 41

White blood cells:

a) posses no nuclei

b) are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against infectious
diseases

c) are produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell
d) live for about 3 to 4 days in the average human body

Answer 41

B,c,d

Question 42

Eosinophil granulocytes:

a) live for 120 days on average
b) contain usually two nuclei
c) their levels are elevated in asthma and hay fever
d) their nucleus is bi-lobed

Answer 42

C,d

Question 43

Eosinophil granulocytes:

a) are able to deal with parasitic infections
b) are the predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions
c) their levels are regulated mainly by the oxygen pressure
d) their cytoplasma is rich in Nissl’s substance

Answer 43

A,b

Question 44

Neutrophils:

a) defend against bacterial or fungal infection
b) have a multi-lobed nucleus
c) contain large dark granules
d) can not perform phagocytosis

Answer 44

A,b

Question 45

Neutrophils:

a) contain fine granules that are pale lilac
b) are active in phagocytosing bacteria
c) are present in large amount in the pus of wounds
d) are not able to renew their lysosomes used in digesting microbes

Answer 45

A,b,c,d