Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Black- Physio I > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

ECF (plasma) and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three main types of blood cells?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In a centrifuged blood sample, what layers would you see bottom to top?

A

Erythrocytes (hematocrit, about 40% of volume)
Leukocytes
Platelets
Plasma (about 60% of volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

The fluid phase of the blood (mostly water) that contains non-cellular components of the blood

water, proteins, other solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is blood serum?

A

Blood plasma without coagulation factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The amount of cellular components of blood (about 99% erythrocytes, 1% leukocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the average hematocrit percentage for dogs? Cats? Goats?

A

dogs- 45
cats- 37
goats -28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes variation in hematocrit values between individuals?

A

Differences in the number or in the size of red blood cells

Nutrition, physical activity, metabolic rate

Altitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to hematocrit level during physical exercise and why?

A

It increases because of increases sympathetic nervous system activity which mobilizes RBCs both in the spleen and other parts of cardio system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of RBCs?

A

To transport O2 from the lungs to the cells of the body by means of hemoglobin and to remove CO2 from the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What characteristics of RBCs are essential to function?

A

Number, shape, and Hb concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe a RBC.

A

circular, flattened, biconcave, non-nucleated, no mitochndria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hb can reversibly bind oxygen without changing the valence. True or false?

Is this oxidation or oxygenation?

A

True, oxygenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does each hemoglobin subunit contain?

A

A globular peptide chain (globin which can be alfa or beta)

• A heme group that contains iron (Fe2+) in its center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between Hematopoiesis and Erythropoiesis?

A 
Hematopoiesis = formation of blood cells
Erythropoiesis = formation of red blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How and where does Erythropoiesis occur?

A

Erythropoiesis occurs by division of stem cells
located in:

• The liver & spleen during fetal life

• Red bone marrow of:
Long bones (tibia and femur) from birth until
adolescence
Flat bones (vertebrae, pelvis, sternum, ribs) from
adolescence onwards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

All blood cells are derived from a single cell type in the bone
marrow, the ______.

A

pluripotent stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_______ leave the bone marrow and get into the
blood by passing the endothelial wall of bone marrow‘s
capillaries

A

Mature erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reticulocytes are common in the blood. T / F

A

false, they are not common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can the number of reiculocytes n the blood be used to measure?

A

production rate of erythrocytes in an animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does proper erythropoiesis require?

A

Iron
Vit B12 and folic acid
Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an increased number

of erythrocytes called? And where is it observed?

A

polycythemia

observed in high altitudes and in erythropoietin doping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the lifespan of

erythrocytes?

A

ranges between 90 and 140 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does destruction of RBCs occur and what is it mediated by?

A

spleen, liver, and bone marrow

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the fate of Hb components?

A 
• Peptides released from Hb will
recycled for protein synthesis
• Heme groups will be converted into
bilirubin that goes into the bile
• Iron will be transported to the bone
marrow for the formation of new
heme groups
27
Q

What is anemia?

A

all conditions in which the capicity of the blood to transport O2
is reduced

28
Q

What are the three general causes of anemia?

A

blood loss (hemorrhage)

red blood cell destruction (hemolysis)

decreased RBC production (erythroid hypoplasia)

29
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

red blood cell destruction

30
Q

What is erythroid hypoplasia?

A

decreased RBC production

31
Q

How are anemias classified?

A

morphology ( micro, macro, and normocytic anemia)
Hb content (hypo, hyper, and normochromic anemia)
regeneration

32
Q

What are Erythocytes indices used for?

A

to classify anemias according to morphology and Hb content

33
Q

What are Erythocytes indices?

A

mean corpuscular volume (MCV): Tells you the average volume of
each erythrocyte

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): Tells you the Hb content in a
single erythrocyte

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): Tells you the
average amount of Hb within erythrocytes

34
Q

What is the MCV formula? How do you interrupt results?

A

MCV (fL) = (Hct/RBC) x 10

Accordingly, if ↑ macrocytic anemia; if ↓ microcytic anemia

35
Q

What is the MCH formula? How do you interrupt results?

A

MCH (pg) = ([Hb]/RBC) x 10

Accordingly, if ↑ hyperchrome anemia; if ↓ hypochrome anemia

36
Q

What is the MCHC formula?

A

MCHC (g/dL) = ([Hb]/Hct) x 100

37
Q

What is regenerative anemia? What diseases are associated with it?

A

increased number of circulating reticulocytes
which indicates increased bone marrow erythropoiesis

hemorrhage and hemolysis

38
Q

What is Nonregenerative anemia? What diseases are associated with it?

A

reticulocytes number low, no increased erythropoiesis

Function of the bone marrow impaired

Extramarrow diseases

39
Q

What does iron deficiency cause and what species are you likely to see it?

A

Iron deficiency causes microcytic, hypochromic anemia

Rare in adult domestic animals but very common in piglets

40
Q

What are the physical characteristics and function of white blood cells?

A

big nucleus, many organelles, no hemoglobin, functions in immune response

41
Q

What is the lymph?

A

a kind of ECF that accumulates in the tissues (interstitium)

42
Q

What is innate immunity? What are the components?

A

Immediate destruction of microorganisms (phagocytosis) and
Alert the adaptive immune system (first line of defense)

Soluble components: Interferon, peptides, complement

Cell-mediated: macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells

43
Q

What is adaptive immunity? What are the components?

A

Adaptive (acquired) Immunity
It acts later but it is specific
(antibody generation in response to specific antigens)
It conduces to lifelong immunity (memory)
Innate Immunity
Immediate destruction of microorganisms (phagocytosis) and
Alert the adaptive immune system (first line of defense)

Soluble components: Interferon, peptides, complement

Cell-mediated: macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells
Soluble components: Ig (from activated B lymphocytes)
Cell-mediated: T lymphocytes (THelper and TCytotoxic)

44
Q

How many plasma proteins make up the complement system?

A

20

45
Q

Is the complement system innate or adaptive?

A

innate

46
Q

What mechanisms activate the complement system?

A
  1. Classical pathway:
    through IgG
  2. Alternative
    pathway: through
    bound C3b
  3. Lectin pathway:
    through mannose
47
Q

What is the function of the complement system?

A

Function of complement is to “complement” the immune response by inducing:
 Opsonisation
 Bacteriolysis
 Chemotaxis

48
Q

What do lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

B and T lymphocytes and NK cells

49
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

tissue-specific macrophages

monocytes in blood, macrophages in tissues

50
Q

What are the functions of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells?

A

phagocytosis and antigen presentation

51
Q

What are the functions of granulocytes?

A

destroy the pathogen

release inflammatory mediators

alert the adaptive immune system

52
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs and what is their function?

A

thymus (T lymphocytes)

bone marrow (B lymphocytes)

formation and development

53
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs and what is their function?

A

adenoid, tonsil, lymph node, spleen, peyers patches

activation

54
Q

What signals are needed to activate a B lymphocyte and what happens afterwards?

A

For activating a B lymphocyte, two signals are necessary:
1. An antigen that binds to the BCR, and
2. A THelper cell that binds to the B lymphocyte
• After activation, the B lymphocyte differentiates into a plasma cell
which synthesizes antibodies (= immunoglobulins)

55
Q

What is positive selection vs negative in the thymus?

A

Positive selection: survival of T cells that recognize endogenous
antigens/MHC as own

Negative selection: elimination of those T cells that react to own antigens

56
Q

How are antigens presented to T cells?

A

by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

57
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A 
inappropriate or
misdirected response to a specific antigen
that results in harmful reactions upon
exposure of a sentitized host to that
specific antigen
58
Q

What is type I hypersensitivity?

A 
Type I (immediate, allergy) mediated by
IgE and mast cells
59
Q

What is type II hypersensitivity?

A 
Type II (antibody-mediated) mediated by
IgG and IgM, effects cells and/or tissues
60
Q

What is type III hypersensitivity?

A

Type III (immune complex-mediated) IgG
and IgM immune complexes are deposited
in vascular basement membranes

61
Q

What is type IV hypersensitivity?

A 
Type IV (T cell-mediated) T lymphocytes
reacts against tissues or own antigens
62
Q

What is Hemostasis?

A

All mechanisms that minimize or prevent blood loss

63
Q

Hemostatic mechanisms after vessel injury consists of three components:

A

Constriction of vessel

formation of platelet plug

coagulation of blood

64
Q

When would you not do a blood transfusion?

A

If you observe reaction aggutination during cross matching

Black- Physio I (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions