Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Black- Physio I > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

ECF (plasma) and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three main types of blood cells?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In a centrifuged blood sample, what layers would you see bottom to top?

A

Erythrocytes (hematocrit, about 40% of volume)
Leukocytes
Platelets
Plasma (about 60% of volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

The fluid phase of the blood (mostly water) that contains non-cellular components of the blood

water, proteins, other solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is blood serum?

A

Blood plasma without coagulation factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The amount of cellular components of blood (about 99% erythrocytes, 1% leukocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the average hematocrit percentage for dogs? Cats? Goats?

A

dogs- 45
cats- 37
goats -28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes variation in hematocrit values between individuals?

A

Differences in the number or in the size of red blood cells

Nutrition, physical activity, metabolic rate

Altitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to hematocrit level during physical exercise and why?

A

It increases because of increases sympathetic nervous system activity which mobilizes RBCs both in the spleen and other parts of cardio system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of RBCs?

A

To transport O2 from the lungs to the cells of the body by means of hemoglobin and to remove CO2 from the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What characteristics of RBCs are essential to function?

A

Number, shape, and Hb concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe a RBC.

A

circular, flattened, biconcave, non-nucleated, no mitochndria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hb can reversibly bind oxygen without changing the valence. True or false?

Is this oxidation or oxygenation?

A

True, oxygenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does each hemoglobin subunit contain?

A

A globular peptide chain (globin which can be alfa or beta)

• A heme group that contains iron (Fe2+) in its center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between Hematopoiesis and Erythropoiesis?

A 
Hematopoiesis = formation of blood cells
Erythropoiesis = formation of red blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How and where does Erythropoiesis occur?

A

Erythropoiesis occurs by division of stem cells
located in:

• The liver & spleen during fetal life

• Red bone marrow of:
Long bones (tibia and femur) from birth until
adolescence
Flat bones (vertebrae, pelvis, sternum, ribs) from
adolescence onwards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

All blood cells are derived from a single cell type in the bone
marrow, the ______.

A

pluripotent stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_______ leave the bone marrow and get into the
blood by passing the endothelial wall of bone marrow‘s
capillaries

A

Mature erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reticulocytes are common in the blood. T / F

A

false, they are not common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can the number of reiculocytes n the blood be used to measure?

A

production rate of erythrocytes in an animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does proper erythropoiesis require?

A

Iron
Vit B12 and folic acid
Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an increased number

of erythrocytes called? And where is it observed?

A

polycythemia

observed in high altitudes and in erythropoietin doping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the lifespan of

erythrocytes?

A

ranges between 90 and 140 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where does destruction of RBCs occur and what is it mediated by?
spleen, liver, and bone marrow macrophages
26
What is the fate of Hb components?
``` • Peptides released from Hb will recycled for protein synthesis • Heme groups will be converted into bilirubin that goes into the bile • Iron will be transported to the bone marrow for the formation of new heme groups ```
27
What is anemia?
all conditions in which the capicity of the blood to transport O2 is reduced
28
What are the three general causes of anemia?
blood loss (hemorrhage) red blood cell destruction (hemolysis) decreased RBC production (erythroid hypoplasia)
29
What is hemolysis?
red blood cell destruction
30
What is erythroid hypoplasia?
decreased RBC production
31
How are anemias classified?
morphology ( micro, macro, and normocytic anemia) Hb content (hypo, hyper, and normochromic anemia) regeneration
32
What are Erythocytes indices used for?
to classify anemias according to morphology and Hb content
33
What are Erythocytes indices?
mean corpuscular volume (MCV): Tells you the average volume of each erythrocyte Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): Tells you the Hb content in a single erythrocyte Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): Tells you the average amount of Hb within erythrocytes
34
What is the MCV formula? How do you interrupt results?
MCV (fL) = (Hct/RBC) x 10 Accordingly, if ↑ macrocytic anemia; if ↓ microcytic anemia
35
What is the MCH formula? How do you interrupt results?
MCH (pg) = ([Hb]/RBC) x 10 Accordingly, if ↑ hyperchrome anemia; if ↓ hypochrome anemia
36
What is the MCHC formula?
MCHC (g/dL) = ([Hb]/Hct) x 100
37
What is regenerative anemia? What diseases are associated with it?
increased number of circulating reticulocytes which indicates increased bone marrow erythropoiesis hemorrhage and hemolysis
38
What is Nonregenerative anemia? What diseases are associated with it?
reticulocytes number low, no increased erythropoiesis Function of the bone marrow impaired Extramarrow diseases
39
What does iron deficiency cause and what species are you likely to see it?
Iron deficiency causes microcytic, hypochromic anemia Rare in adult domestic animals but very common in piglets
40
What are the physical characteristics and function of white blood cells?
big nucleus, many organelles, no hemoglobin, functions in immune response
41
What is the lymph?
a kind of ECF that accumulates in the tissues (interstitium)
42
What is innate immunity? What are the components?
Immediate destruction of microorganisms (phagocytosis) and Alert the adaptive immune system (first line of defense) Soluble components: Interferon, peptides, complement Cell-mediated: macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells
43
What is adaptive immunity? What are the components?
Adaptive (acquired) Immunity It acts later but it is specific (antibody generation in response to specific antigens) It conduces to lifelong immunity (memory) Innate Immunity Immediate destruction of microorganisms (phagocytosis) and Alert the adaptive immune system (first line of defense) Soluble components: Interferon, peptides, complement Cell-mediated: macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells Soluble components: Ig (from activated B lymphocytes) Cell-mediated: T lymphocytes (THelper and TCytotoxic)
44
How many plasma proteins make up the complement system?
20
45
Is the complement system innate or adaptive?
innate
46
What mechanisms activate the complement system?
1. Classical pathway: through IgG 2. Alternative pathway: through bound C3b 3. Lectin pathway: through mannose
47
What is the function of the complement system?
Function of complement is to “complement” the immune response by inducing:  Opsonisation  Bacteriolysis  Chemotaxis
48
What do lymphocytes differentiate into?
B and T lymphocytes and NK cells
49
What do monocytes differentiate into?
tissue-specific macrophages monocytes in blood, macrophages in tissues
50
What are the functions of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells?
phagocytosis and antigen presentation
51
What are the functions of granulocytes?
destroy the pathogen release inflammatory mediators alert the adaptive immune system
52
What are primary lymphoid organs and what is their function?
thymus (T lymphocytes) bone marrow (B lymphocytes) formation and development
53
What are secondary lymphoid organs and what is their function?
adenoid, tonsil, lymph node, spleen, peyers patches activation
54
What signals are needed to activate a B lymphocyte and what happens afterwards?
For activating a B lymphocyte, two signals are necessary: 1. An antigen that binds to the BCR, and 2. A THelper cell that binds to the B lymphocyte • After activation, the B lymphocyte differentiates into a plasma cell which synthesizes antibodies (= immunoglobulins)
55
What is positive selection vs negative in the thymus?
Positive selection: survival of T cells that recognize endogenous antigens/MHC as own Negative selection: elimination of those T cells that react to own antigens
56
How are antigens presented to T cells?
by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
57
What is hypersensitivity?
``` inappropriate or misdirected response to a specific antigen that results in harmful reactions upon exposure of a sentitized host to that specific antigen ```
58
What is type I hypersensitivity?
``` Type I (immediate, allergy) mediated by IgE and mast cells ```
59
What is type II hypersensitivity?
``` Type II (antibody-mediated) mediated by IgG and IgM, effects cells and/or tissues ```
60
What is type III hypersensitivity?
Type III (immune complex-mediated) IgG and IgM immune complexes are deposited in vascular basement membranes
61
What is type IV hypersensitivity?
``` Type IV (T cell-mediated) T lymphocytes reacts against tissues or own antigens ```
62
What is Hemostasis?
All mechanisms that minimize or prevent blood loss
63
Hemostatic mechanisms after vessel injury consists of three components:
Constriction of vessel formation of platelet plug coagulation of blood
64
When would you not do a blood transfusion?
If you observe reaction aggutination during cross matching

Black- Physio I (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions