Blood Flashcards
What is the normal blood volume?
Five liters
A major function of the blood is the removal of what?
Metabolic Waste
Blood plasma is 90% what?
Water
60% of the protein found in blood plasma is found in what?
Albumin
What is the major contributor to osmotic pressure?
Albumin
____, _____, and ____ are the ‘formed elements’.
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Thrombocytes
____, or red blood cells, are small cells that are biconcave in shape.
Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes major function is to carry the oxygen-binding protein ______.
Hemoglobin
Blood Cell formation (____) occurs in the _____.
Hematopoiesis; Red Bone Marrow
After a hematopoietic stem cell’s descendent becomes committed to forming red blood cells, it begins to divide rapidly and fills with _____, which will be needed to synthesize hemoglobin.
Ribosomes
What happens if there are too few erythrocytes in one’s blood?
Tissues will not receive enough oxygen
An insufficient number of functional erythrocytes in the blood is called what?
Anemia
An excess number of erythrocytes in the blood is called what?
Polycythemia
Iron is required in the diet because it is needed to make what?
heme
As erythrocytes become old and damaged, they tend to become trapped in the smallest capillaries of the _____, where they are destroyed by _____. (This also occurs to a lesser extent in the liver and in bone marrow.)
Spleen; Macrophages
Bilirubin is yellow, and if heme breakdown is excessive or if its excretion is impaired, the result is _____, a visible yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes, etc.
Jaundice
There are three types of granulocyte: _____, _____, and _____.
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
There are two types of agranulocyte: _____ and _____.
Lymphocytes; monocytes
The most common type of leukocyte are ____.
Neutrophils
The main function of neutrophils is to what?
Kill bacteria
Eosinophils are found in large numbers in the columnar epithelia of the _____, _____, and _____, where they guard against entry of foreign invaders into the body.
skin, lung, and GI tract
The two least common leukocytes in blood are the _____ and _____, which together account for less than 4% of all leukocytes.
Basophils; Eosinophils
Basophils release _____, which dilates blood vessels (and attracts other leukocytes) so that the immune system can reach and attack an invading organism.
Histamine
__ ______ are agranulocytes which directly attack viral-infected and tumor cells.
T Lymphocytes
___ _____ are agranulocytes which differentiate into cells which produce antibodies.
B Lymphocytes
_____ are agranulocytes which become _____ (‘large eaters’), cells with two important functions: eating invaders and activating lymphocytes so that they too can defend the body.
Monocytes; Macrophages
Most blood cells die within days or weeks, but monocytes may live for _____ and some lymphocytes live for _____.
Months; years
_____ refers to cancer in which an abnormal white blood cell fails to fully differentiate and begins to divide uncontrollably. Untreated, these cancers are always fatal.
Leukemia
Formation of the megakaryocytes involves repeated mitoses of megakaryoblasts without _____.
Cytokinesis
_____ literally means ‘blood stopping,’ and is the formal name for the process which prevents blood loss after injury.
Hemostasis
The second response of the body to a break in a blood vessel requires platelets, which ____ __ _____.
Form a plug
Vitamin _____, which is made by bacteria in the gut, is needed for the formation of several _____ and so is essential if blood is to clot normally.
K; Clotting factors
The final, major steps in blood clotting are formation of _____, conversion of prothrombin to _____, and the formation of a(n) _____ mesh from fibrinogen in the plasma.
Prothrombin Activator; thrombin; fibrin
A deficiency in circulating platelets (‘_____’), failure of the liver to synthesize clotting factors, or a genetic defect in one or more of the clotting factors (‘_____’) all lead to bleeding disorders.
Thrombocytopenia; Hemophilia
The _____ blood groups are based on the presence or absence of two types of antigens on the erythrocyte’s surface.
ABO
_____’ means ‘glued together.’
Agglutinate
The percentage of erythrocytes (by volume) is called the _____.
Hematocrit
Blood that has been centrifuged separates into three layers: _____, _____ and _____.
Erythrocytes; the buffy coat; plasma
The ‘buffy coat’ seen in centrifuged blood is composed of _____ ____ ____and _____.
White Blood Cells; platelets
Leukocytes and platelets account for less than _____ of the blood’s volume: the remainder is _____ (~ 55%) and _____ (~ 45%).
1%; Plasma; Erythrocytes
Fetal blood cells form hemoglobin-F, which has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin-A, allowing fetal blood to ____ ____ from maternal blood.
Accept oxygen
