Blood

Question 1

Functions of Blood

Answer 1

transportation, regulation, protection

Question 2

Characteristics of Blood

Answer 2

• heavier, thicker, and more viscous than water, also flows slower than water
• temperature is higher than normal body temp
• slightly alkaline pH of about 7.4

Question 3

Components of Blood

Answer 3

blood plasma, formed elements, and leukocytes

Question 4

Blood Plasma

Answer 4

• straw colored liquid
• mostly water
• contains plasma proteins, and small amount of other solutes

Question 5

Plasma Proteins

Answer 5

• play a role in maintaining proper blood osmotic pressure, and act as buffer system
• most synthesized by hepatocytes
• albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

Question 6

Albumin

Answer 6

• about 55% of plasma proteins
• major contributors to the osmotic pressure of plasma
• important in the transport of fatty acids

Question 7

Globulin

Answer 7

• about 38% of plasma proteins
• transport globulins and immunoglobulins
• immunoglobulins produced by lymphocytes

Question 8

Fibrinogen

Answer 8

• about 7% of plasma proteins

- function in blood clotting

Question 9

Hemopoiesis

definition

Answer 9

the production of blood cells from hemopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow

Question 10

Myeloid stem cells develop into what under the influence of erythropoiten?

Answer 10

develop into reticulocytes and then erythrocytes (RBCs)

Question 11

Myeloid stem cells develop into what under the influence of thrombopoietin?

Answer 11

develop into megakaryocytes and then platelets

Question 12

Myeloid stem cells develop into what under the influence of colony stimulating factors?

Answer 12

develop into white blood cells: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocyes

Question 13

Erythropoiten (EPO)

Answer 13

low-oxygen stimulates the release of EPO from the kidneys, which travels to the bone marrow and stimulates erythropoiesis

• increases rate of division
• increases maturation of RBCs

Question 14

Hematocrit

definition

Answer 14

the percent of red blood cells in the blood

- so a hematocrit of 40 means that 40% of the volume of blood is RBCs

Question 15

Anemia

general definition

Answer 15

refers to a reduction, below normal, in the O2-carrying capacity of the blood
- characterized by a low hematocrit

Question 16

Causes of Anemia

Answer 16

• a decreased rate of erythropoiesis
• excessive loss of erythrocytes
• deficiency in the hemoglobin content of erythrocytes

Question 17

Polycythemia

general definition

Answer 17

an excess of circulating red blood cells and an elevated hematocrit
- primary and secondary types

Question 18

Primary Polycythemia

Answer 18

• caused by tumor-like condition of bone marrow in which erythropoiesus proceeds in an excessive, uncontrolled rate
• increases viscosity of blood leading to sluggish blood flow and pressure overload

Question 19

Secondary Polycythemia

Answer 19

• an EPO-induced adaptive mechanism to improve the O2 carrying capacity of the blood in response to a prolonged reduction of O2 delivery to tissues
• hematocrit is lower than that of primary

Question 20

Nutritional Anemia

Answer 20

• caused by a dietary deficiency of a factor needed for erythropoiesis
• ex. iron, folic acid

Question 21

Pernicious Anemia

Answer 21

• caused by inability to absorb adequate amounts of vitamin B12 from digestive tract
• need intrinsic factors to absorb B12

Question 22

Aplastic Anemia

Answer 22

• caused by failure of the bone marrow to produce adequate numbers of RBCs

Question 23

Renal Anemia

Answer 23

• inadequate EPO as a result from kidney disease causes insufficient red blood cell production

Question 24

Hemorrhagic Anemia

Answer 24

• caused by loss of substantial quantities of blood

Question 25

Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 25

• caused by rupture of excessive numbers of circulating erythrocytes