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Intersystems > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal concentration of Red Blood cells?

A

3-5 x 10^12/litre

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2
Q

What is the normal concentration of White blood cells?

A

2-5 x 10^9/litre

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3
Q

What is the normal concentration of Platelets?

A

150-400 x 10^9/litre

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4
Q

How often are RBCs replaced?

A

Every 120 days

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5
Q

How often are WBCs replaced?

A

Every 3-5 days

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6
Q

How often are Platelets replaced?

A

Every 10 days

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7
Q

Where is the most reliable place to get bone marrow from?

A

Posterior Superior Iliac Spine

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8
Q

How does the location of haemopoiesis change throughout development?

A

First few weeks -> Yolk sac
6 weeks - 7 months -> Liver and Spleen
7 months - throughout life -> Bone marrow
Later in life -> axial skeleton, after bone marrow of long bones has turned to yellow (fat) marrow.

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9
Q

What percentage of marrow consists of fat spaces, even in haemopoietic areas?

A

50%

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10
Q

Why, in bone marrow transplants, are a variety of cell-types transplanted, despite the fact that the only cells that are really useful for transplantation are the Pluripotent stem cells?

A

Because no-one knows what they look like. Can’t differentiate them from other immature cells - just have to hope that there are some PPSCs in with the cells that you transplant.
Anything above the CFUs in haemopoiesis are indistinguishable from each other.

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11
Q

What components make up the bone marrow stroma?

A

Cells

Extracellular matrix

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12
Q

What determines when cells are released into the circulation?

A

Stromal regulation of Adhesion molecules that anchor stem cells to the ECM.

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13
Q

What are three broad factors that influence Haemopoiesis?

A

Bone marrow stroma
Haemopoeitic growth factors
Haematinics

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14
Q

What are 4 examples of Haematinics?

A

Red Cells, Iron, B12, Folate

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15
Q

What are Haematinics?

A

Chemical agents or substances that are required for erythropoiesis.

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16
Q

Is there Folate in goat’s milk?

A

No, fucker!

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17
Q

What is a drug that interferes with the folate metabolic pathway?

A

Methotrexate.

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18
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Too many RBCs

19
Q

What is Thrombocytosis?

A

Too many platelets

20
Q

How is Anaemia measured?

A

Measured by haemoglobin levels, rather than RBC count.

21
Q

What is the Tissue oxygen delivery equation?

A

CO x Hb x %Saturation x 1.34 = Tissue oxygen delivery

22
Q

What is %saturation?

A

The percentage of RBCs that are saturated with oxygen

23
Q

What are the units used for Tissue oxygen delivery?

A

ml/min = l/min x g/l x % x ml/g

24
Q

What is the main factor that is taken into consideration when deciding whether or not to give a patient a blood transfusion?

A

How long the patient can maintain the compensatory heart rate.

25
Q

What is implied by an increasing heart rate in an anaemic patient without fever?

A

That their haemoglobin has decreased.

26
Q

What is MCV?

A

Mean corpuscular volume. Size of RBC.

27
Q

What are two signs of increased production of erythrocytes?

A

Reticulocytes

Polychromasia

28
Q

What are three signs of increased destruction of red blood cells?

A

Jaundice (increased serum bilirubin)
Haptoglobins
LDH = Lactate dehydrogenase

29
Q

What are haptoglobins?

A

Found in plasma, bind free haemoglobin that has been released by erythrocyte breakdown, and carries it back to the liver.

30
Q

What are two signs of increased production of Red blood cells?

A

Reticulocytes: immature RBCs
Polychromasia: abnormally high numbers of red blood cells

31
Q

What is microcytic anaemia?

A

Anaemia characterised by red blood cells with reduced Mean Corpuscular volume

32
Q

What are two causes of microcytic anaemia?

A

blood loss and dietary insufficiency

33
Q

What is macrocytic anaemia?

A

Anaemia characterised by red blood cells with increased Mean Corpuscular volume.

34
Q

What are two causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A

Vitamin 12 and Folate

35
Q

On which chromosome will you find ABO genes?

A

Chromosome 9

36
Q

On which chromosome will you find the H gene?

A

Chromosome 19

37
Q

What does A gene code for? and What does the product do?

A

A transferase. Converts H antigen to A antigen.

38
Q

What does B gene code for? and what does the product do?

A

B transferase. Converts H antigen into B antigen.

39
Q

What are the two most common blood groups?

A

A and O

40
Q

Where is the Rh gene located?

A

Chromosome 1

41
Q

What antigens are involved in the Rhesus blood group system? Which is the most important?

A

Antigens C, c, D, E, e.

D is the most important antigen.

42
Q

What genotype will make someone Rhesus positive?

A

DD, Dd

43
Q

What does ‘A+’ mean?

A

Means a person has Blood Type A and is Rhesus positive.

Intersystems (16 decks)

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