blood

Question 1

how many layers in large vessels

Answer 1

3

Question 2

three layers in large vessels

Answer 2

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima

Question 3

tunica externa

Answer 3

outer layer
contains tough collagen to resist overstretching

Question 4

tunica media

Answer 4

middle layer
contains elastic fibres and smooth muscle to sustain pressure

Question 5

tunica media in arteries vs veins

Answer 5

thicker in arteries as fibres stretch to accomodate the variable pulse

Question 6

when elastic fibres in arteries recoil this is felt as

Answer 6

the pulse

Question 7

tunica intima

Answer 7

inner layer
single layer of endothelium and is smooth to reduce friction

Question 8

capillaries only have

Answer 8

one layer of endothelium on a membrane

Question 9

veins vs arteries

Answer 9

veins have thinner walls and muscle layer and larger lumen because blood pressure is loweer

Question 10

veins have (valves)
return flow

Answer 10

veins have sl valves along their length to ensure flow in one direction/prevent backflow
the return flow to the heart is non rhythmic

Question 11

increase pressure in veins

Answer 11

massaging which increases pressure and pushes more blood

Question 12

arteries

Answer 12

arteries carry blood away from the heart at high pressure so have thick muscular walls

Question 13

arteries branch into

Answer 13

arterioles which adjust their diameter to blood supply and have a large sa and narrow diameter

Question 14

arterioles branch into what which branches into

Answer 14

arterioles branch into capillaries which branch into venules and into veins

Question 15

capillaries

Answer 15

form a vast network that penetrates all tissues and organs

Question 16

when blood leaves the heart, the highest pressures are found

Answer 16

in the aorta and main arteries

Question 17

what percentage of blood is cells

Answer 17

45 percent cells

Question 18

red blood cells also known as

Answer 18

erythrocytes

Question 19

main function of rbcs

Answer 19

carrying o2 to respiring tissues

Question 20

rbc adaptations

Answer 20

biconcave shape to increase sa for more o2 diffusion
thin centre- shorter diffusion distance
no nucleus- more room for haemoglobin to attach

Question 21

plasma

Answer 21

pale yellow component of blood, 90 percent water
makes up 55 percent of blood

Question 22

what is in plasma

Answer 22

glucose
amino acids
vitamins
waste products
hormones
plasma proteins- albumin and fibronogen

Question 23

equation for OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

Answer 23

4o2 + Hb -> Hb’4O2+

Question 24

structure of haemoglobin

Answer 24

4 haem groups each with an Fe2+ ion

Question 25

first haem group

Answer 25

changes shape for binding of second one

Question 26

second haem

Answer 26

easier because of 1st, also changes shape

Question 27

third haem

Answer 27

easier because of 2nd, does NOT change shape

Question 28

4th haem

Answer 28

hard because 3rd does not change needs a large increase in po2

Question 29

what is the partial pressure of o2

Answer 29

the pressure it would exert if it was the only one present o2 is 21% of atmosphere so pp= 21kpa

Question 30

what curve represents the o2 affinity

Answer 30

sigmoid curve/ s shaped

Question 31

what is the process of fe binding with o2 called

Answer 31

cooperative binding

Question 32

describe the sigmoid curve at high po2

Answer 32

o2 affinity is high at high po2 but reduces as po2 decreases

Question 33

describe sigmoid curve at lower po2

Answer 33

high po2, o2 affinity too low, o2 readily released lower po2, o2 affinity too high, no release

Question 34

foetal haemoglobin

Answer 34

fetal hb needs to absorb o2 from maternal 2 pp chains differ so it has a higher affinity

Question 35

foetal haemoglobin curve is

Answer 35

to the left of adult human

Question 36

lugworm haemoglobin

Answer 36

burrows in low o2 sand and has a low metabolic rate

Question 37

lugworm curve

Answer 37

very to the left

Question 38

increase in altitude=

Answer 38

decrease in partial pressure of o2

Question 39

more co2

Answer 39

more readily o2 released BECAUSE at any po2, the hb is less saturated so the curve shifts to the RIGHT

Question 40

curve shifting to the right due to more co2 known as

Answer 40

bohr shift/effect

Question 41

co2 is transported as with %

Answer 41

plasma 5 hco3- 85 carbaminohaemoglobin 10

Question 42

process of co2 into o2 in rbc

Answer 42

co2 diffuses into rbc carbonic anhydrase catalyses combination of h2o and co2 to create carbonic acid carbonic acid dissolves into h+ and hco3- ions hco3 ions diffuse out into plasma and bring chloride ions in h+ causes hb.4o2 to disccosiate into o2 and hb hb combines with h+=haemoglobinic acid o2 diffuses out

Question 43

chloride shift

Answer 43

chloride ions diffuse into red blood cell to maintain electrical neutrality from the removal of hco3- ions