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BIO 224 Lecture > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood

A

A connective tissue that transports, regulates and protects

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2
Q

What is Plasma

A

-Liquid top portion on test tube
-55%
-that has clotting proteins and serums

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3
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes ( RBC), Leukocytes ( WBC) and platelets ( Megakaryocyte)

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4
Q

What is centrifugation

A

Fractionated blood

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4
Q

Which plasma protein is most abundant?

A

Albumin

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5
Q

What are the key points of blood characteristics

A
  • Viscosity
  • pH
    -Volume
  • Color
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6
Q

Elaborate on Blood Viscosity

A

“Blood is thicker than water”,

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7
Q

Elaborate on Blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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8
Q

Elaborate on Blood volume

A

Adults =5L

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9
Q

Elaborate on Blood color

A

Varies with oxygen content, more oxygen the brighter the red

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10
Q

What are the key functions of blood

A
  • Distribution/transportation
  • Regulation
  • protection
    -Homeostasis
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11
Q

Elaborate on blood function of Distribution/transport

A

Nutrients: to reserve for GI tract to all cells
Oxygen: Lungs to all cells
waste: cells to garbate sites,(CO2 to lungs)
Hormones: Endo glands to traget

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12
Q

Elaborate on blood function of regulation

A

Temp: Skin blood flow
Ph
Bp(volume)
Electrolytes

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13
Q

Elaborate on blood function of Homeostasis

A

Blood to interstitial fluid to cells

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14
Q

Elaborate on blood function of protection

A

Clotting: prevents blood loss
Infection: immune transport

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15
Q

What are the functions of plasma protien

A

exert colloid osmotic pressure
immune/inflammation/clotting processes,
nutrition
acid/base balance

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15
Q

What is the plasma component that forms fibrin

A

fibrinogen

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16
Q

What is fibrinolysis

A

dissloving a clot

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16
Q

What is the difference from hematopoiesis and hemostasis

A

Hematostasis: used to prevent blood loss
hematopoesis: formed elements

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17
Q

what is thrombocyte

A

blood platelets

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18
Q

What causes decreased hematopoiesis

A

bone marrow faliure or deficiency of essential nutrients

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19
Q

What is a clot

A

Platelets and clotting factors

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20
Q

Clotting protiens

A

liver

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21
Q

What does the plasma serum contain

A

-Nutrients/waste
-Resp. gasses (co2 and o2)
- Electrolytes
- Blood proteins ( Large)

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22
Q

What are types of blood proteins

A

Albumin: 60% of blood and osmotic pressure
Transport protein: A and B goblins, lipoproteins
Immune protiens: y (gamma) gobulins Ex: antibodies

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23
Q

What is the lifespan of RBC

A

3-4 months, 100-120 days

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23
Q

What are RBC

A

Erythrocytes

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24
Q

How would you descibe a mature erythrocyte

A

Lack of most other organelles, bioconcave disc ( flexable), and most abundant cell and contains HB,hgb

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25
Q

What is the name of the process in which RBC are made

A

Erythropoiesis

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26
Q

first step for erythropoiesis

A

red bone marrow
- HSC ) hematopoietic stem cells

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27
Q

second step for erythropoiesis

A

Erythrocyte colony forming units (CFU)
- Communicated to be a RBC

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28
Q

third step for erythropoiesis

A

proerythroblast
-Immature pre-pre- RBC

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29
Q

Last step

A

Reticulocyte
- eject remaining organelles

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29
Q

forth step for erythropoiesis

A

Erythroblast
-Makes Hgb, mature RBC and nucleus shrinks and ejects

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30
Q

Kidney EPO

A

negative feedback
low tissue oxygen higher EPO

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31
Q

What does each hemoglobin molecule contain

A

four polypeptide subunits , two alpha, two beta and each bound to a heme group

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32
Q

What is a heme

A

A fancy carbon ring (Protoporphyrin (x)) holds iron
Iron hold oxygen

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33
Q

What is a globin chain

A

Holds heme group, protien (aa chain) and alpha/beta

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34
Q

Oxygen plus Hb

A

red color, REVERSIABLE binding
Lungs: Pick up oxygen
tissue: oxygen
( more oxygen= brighter red)

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35
Q

carboamino-Hb

A

Aids elimination, NOT mina carbon dioxide carrier

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36
Q

carboxy-Hb

A

binds at iron, 200x higher affinity

37
Q

What is Anemia

A

too little blood,
oxygen level lowers carrying capacity in blood

37
Q

S/sx of anemia

A

fatigue, wekness pallor, dyspnea,

37
Q

Spleen

A

Sinusoids( tiny curvy capillaries)
lower flexibility in RBC= trapping
phagocytosis (macrophages)

37
Q

How long does RBC destruction take

A

lifespan= 100-120 days, 3-4 MONTHS= LESS FLEXABLE

38
Q

RBC breakdown

A

heme iorn—- transferrin(carrier)— marrow (recycling)
Heme ring—-biliverdin—bilirubin–albumin—liver–feces and urine

39
Q

anemia production

A

lower heme supplies
- iron, vit-b12, folate, vit b6

40
Q

examples of anemia

A

Anemia of chronic d
- Chronically ill and hides iron

40
Q

Marrow suppression

A

aplastic anemia

41
Q

Anemia has higher consumption

A

loss( bleeding GI tract and menses)

42
Q

RBC destrucion

A

hemolysis ( breaking cells down)
- autoimmune and sickle cell anemia

43
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

trait vs disease
1 sickle gene= trait( no symp)
2 sickle gene= disease

44
Q

What is sickle cell anemia

A

b-globin gene mutation( low oxygen= sickling)
Sickle=non flexible

45
Q

Is this trait protective of malaria

A

yes

46
Q

What is WBC

A

Leukocytes

47
Q

WBC VS RBC

A

Larger, prominent nucli
low quantity
independent movement

48
Q

Granulocytes

A

“phils” ( pockets of stuff they will use)

49
Q

Cytoplasmic granules

A

basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

50
Q

Agranulocytes

A

“cytes”; no visible granules
ex; Lymphocyte, monocyte

51
Q

Leukopoiesis ( production name)

A
  1. red bone marrow
52
Q

myeloid cell line

A

other formed elements

53
Q

lymphoid cell line

A

lymphocytes

54
Q

Immune system movement

A

Amoeboid movement: Taking down and building up
Diapedesis: WBC out of blood vesicle and into tissue)
ex; Pathogens, damaged tissue, active WBC
Chemotaxis: (chemical movement)
ex; Neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes

55
Q

WBC Differential ( Never let Monkeys Eat bananas)

A

Neutrophils; 60
lymphocytes; 30
monocytes; 6
Eosinophils; 3
basophils ;1

56
Q

granulocytes (NEBAM)

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, agranulocytes and monocytes

57
Q

Chemotaxis of neutrophils

A

injured cells, kill bacteria, higher inflammation, higher WBC

57
Q

Neutrophils ( Named after stain)

A
  • the color is natural
  • AKA Polymorphonuclear WBC
  • 1 nucleus(3-5 lobes)
58
Q

Phagocytosis in neutrophils

A

first responders

59
Q

Eosinophils

A

(eosin=loving)
- red granules
- nucleus ( spider-man deadpool)
- Parasitic worm, allergic reactions

59
Q

basophils

A

-nucleus can not be seen
- granules (allergy stuff)= Histamine, heprain and leukotrienes

60
Q

Histamine

A

vasodilator

61
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulant

62
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • Lymphocytes= 30% of WBC
  • Nucleus= large
  • cytoplasm= thin and blue rim
63
Q

b- lymp

A

(bone lymp)
- Mature bone marrow and produce antibodies

64
Q

T-lymp

A

( Thymus lymus)
Mature thymus and activate other immune components

65
Q

B-lymp and t-lymp

A

Both ACTIAVTED BY ANTIGENS
- glycoproteins
- on cells and bio compund
- antigen specific

66
Q

Phagocyesis

A

dead/dying cells ex; old RBC

67
Q

Monocytes

A

(largest sized WBC)
- nucleus large and u shaped ( ski goggles)
- cytoplasm; light blue and purple
- diapedesis into macrophages( mature monocyte in tissue)

68
Q

Platelets

A

-shape makes it stick
clotting ( hemostasis)=
- clot=platelets and clotting protiens
- NOT CELLS ( shead fragments of megakaryocytes)

69
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Large cells in marrow ( multiple copies of DNA in one nucleus) and stimulated by THROMBOPORITIEN FROM LIVER

70
Q

Cytoplasmic arms

A

cytosol, granules, few organelles and no nucleus

71
Q

Arms

A

bone marrow sinusoids

72
Q

arms

A

platelets shead into blood

73
Q

platelet granules

A

some clotting factors, platelet-activating chemicals

74
Q

Hemostasis ( blood stopage)

A
  1. vascular system
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation cascade
  4. clot retraction
  5. thrombolysis
75
Q

What is vascular spasm

A

spasm— smaller hole/defect, blood leakage—- higher tissue pressure

76
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

-Platelet adhesion
- Platelet activation and aggregation
- PLT MORPHOLOGY CHANGE ( HIGHER PLT ADHESION)
-vessel injury; collagen exposure , vWF and platelet
trigger ; vWF and collagen

77
Q

Coagulation cascade

A
  • CLOTTING FACTORS (F1-FXIII)
    -Liver( Vit-k); Factors II, VII, IX, X
78
Q

end product

A

fibrin (FIa), solidify platelet plug

79
Q

Fibronogen (FI)

A

in PLt and plasma

80
Q

What are the two pathways of FXA ( activated coagulation factors)

A

Interinsic; Collagen exposure
extrinsic ; tissue factor

81
Q

FXA+___+____

A

Fva + Calcium

82
Q

colt retraction

A

platelet contraction—- clot retraction
COAGUALTED CLOT –(CLOT RETRACES)—> SERUM SQUEZED OUT OF CLOT AND WOUND EDGES BROUGHT CLOSER

83
Q

THROMBOLYSIS ( cot breakdown after tissue heals)

A

-PLASMIN dissloves fibrin in clot
- Activated by plasinogen (TNT) by ENDOTHELIAL TPA

84
Q

Plasinogen

A

(TNT), in plasma, attracted to fibrin( Built into clot)

85
Q

what is antigen

A
  • binds antiboides
  • cna trigger immune repsonce
  • glycoprotien
  • on rbc
85
Q

what is a antibody

A

-binds aintigens
- from b-lymp
- protien (coverd in immunology)
- in plasma

86
Q

Which is universal reciver

A

ab

87
Q

which is universal donor

A

O

88
Q

Ant-RH antibodies

A

rh(-); initially no antibodies
rh(+); no antibodies

BIO 224 Lecture (2 decks)

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