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Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood in blood vessels and flows through body ( about __ liters)

A

5

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2
Q

blood. Cooperates with ___ and ____ systems to integrate and regulate bodily functions

A

nervous and endocrine

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3
Q

2 major components of blood

A

formed elements plasma

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4
Q

formed elevements of blood include ___ ___ and ____

A

a. erythrocytes (red blood cells) b. leukocytes (white blood cells) c. platelets

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5
Q

plasma is a a. aqueous solution containing ___ and ____ weight substances

A

large and small

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6
Q

plasma maintains ___ fo blood

A

osmotic pressure

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7
Q

plasma plays a role in tnasport of

A

water insoluble substances

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8
Q

___ is the major component of plasma

A

albumin

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9
Q

___ is made up of: albumin gamma globulins fibronogen compliment proteins electrolytes non protein nitrogren substances (: urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, ammonium salts) nutrients blood gases

A

plasma

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10
Q

___ in plasma is important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

A

compliment proteins

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11
Q

nutrients in plama include

A

glucose, lipids, amino acids

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12
Q

plasma is a ___ rich liquid

A

protein

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13
Q

__ in particular in plasma is responsbile for the osmotic pressure of blood

A

albumin

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14
Q

lowest layer of blood (red blood cells) is about __% blood volune in females

A

41

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15
Q

lowest layer of blood (red blood cells) is about __% blood volune in males

A

45

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16
Q

centrifugation of blood puts ___ at the lowest layer

A

red blood cells

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17
Q

hematocrit is the ___occupied by red blood cells

A

Percentage of blood volume

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18
Q

middle layer (made of WBCs and platelets) is __% of blood volume

A

1

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19
Q

middle layer of blood is ___ in color

A

white or gray

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20
Q

platelets a. lymphocytes b. monocytes c. neutrophils d. eosinophils e. basophils are in the ___ layer of centriguged blood

A

middle

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21
Q

upper layer of blood is ___

A

plasma

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22
Q

plasma is more than ___ of blood volume

A

plasma

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23
Q

upper layer of blood is ____ in color

A

yellow

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24
Q

at microscopic level red blood cells look like

A

biconcave discs without nuecli

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25
Q

6.5-8.0µm is the diamter of

A

red blood cells

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26
Q

rbcs bind ___ aroudn periphery

A

eosin

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27
Q

rbcs look ___ around the periphery

A

pink

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28
Q

rbcs have a ___;mainary plasma membrane

A

trilaminar

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29
Q

in rbs there is a mebrane skeleton attached to the ___ f the lipid bilayer

A

cytoplasmic

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30
Q

membrane skeleton of the plasma mebrane of rbcs is made of

A

spectrin, actin and protein 4.1

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31
Q

____ influence defroambility of the membrane of rbcs

A

membrane skeleton

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32
Q

membrane skelton stabilizes the plasma membrane of rbcs against

A

shearing forces

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33
Q

what do rbcs lack *

A

nuclei, ribosomes, mitocondira, er, golgi, lysosomes

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34
Q

bionconcave shape provides ___ ratio

A

large surface to volume ratio

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35
Q

factors influencing the ability of rbcs to change shape

A
  1. their biconcave shape 2. cyttoplasmic viscosity 3. properties of their plasma membrane
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36
Q

hemoglobulin is a globular protein involved in the

A
  1. transport of gases 2. ytoplasmic viscoity 3. eosinophilua of rbcs
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37
Q

rbs are eosinophilic because of their

A

hemoglobulin

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38
Q

__- atoms of iron are needed for each molecule of hemoglobin

A

4

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39
Q

hemoglobuin is a tetramer of 4 __ chains

A

globin polypeptide

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40
Q

hemoglobin is ___ of rbc weight

A

1/3

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41
Q

___ is the ) major form of hemoglobin in adults (95%)

A

a1

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42
Q

___ hb ) consists of 2 alpha polypeptide chains and 2 beta polypeptide chains

A

a1

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43
Q

___ 2) consists of 2 ALPHA polypeptide chains and 2 DELTA polypeptide chains

A

hemoglobuin

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44
Q

___ hb ios ) produced during the intrauterine period

A

f

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45
Q

__ hb ) consists of 2 ALPHA polypeptide chains and 2 GAMMA polypeptide ch

A

F

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46
Q

HB S is caused by a )____ mutation in DNA coding for beta polypeptide chain

A

single nucleotide

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47
Q

hb s is caused by a change from glutamtic acid ->

A

glutamic acid -> VALINE

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48
Q

hbs can increase blood

A

vicosity

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49
Q

hbs -> increase viscosity -> can lead to

A

ischemia

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50
Q

___ of hbs —> anemia

A

reduced life span

51
Q

average lifespan of rbcs is __ days

A

120

52
Q

rbcs are removed from criculation by macrophages in the ___ ___ and ____

A

spleen liver and bone marrow

53
Q

___ are rbcs recently released from bone marrow

A

reticulocytes

54
Q

reticulocutes cotnain a small amount of

A

ribosomal rna

55
Q

___ is a useful indicator of rate of erythrocyte production

A

reticulocutes

56
Q

to monitor bone marrow regeneration you’d use

A

reticulocutes

57
Q

to diagnose and classify anemias you’d look at

A

reticulocutes

58
Q

to monitory hempoeitic restoration after erhyropoitein therapy you’d use

A

reticulocutes

59
Q

___ are the main line of defense against bacteria, viruses, parasites

A

leukocytes

60
Q

granular leaukocytes includes

A

neutrophils, eosinopils basophils

61
Q

agrannular keukocytes (not NEB)

A

kymphocytes monocytes

62
Q

leukocutes . Function ___ of blood vessels

A

outside

63
Q

leukocytes leave vessels by means of

A

diapedesis (through cells or between cells)

64
Q

__- are 6000-10,000/µl (7,500)

A

leukocytes

65
Q

__ make up 60-70 percent of luekocytes

A

neutrphils

66
Q

order of frequency of leukocytes

A

neutrohils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

67
Q

least frequency leukocytes

A

basophil

68
Q

neutrophil ) nucleus consists of ___ lobes

A

2-5

69
Q

neutrophil nucleus is heterochromatic or euchromatic

A

heterocrhomatic

70
Q

___ are responsible for the cytoplasm of neutrohpils stianing pink

A

granules

71
Q

___ has Few mitocondira, small golgi, poorly developed rough er, considerable glycogen, few free ribosomes

A

neutrophils

72
Q

__- fo granules in neutrohpils are specific

A

80%

73
Q

do neutrohpils have nuceloli?

A

no

74
Q

main function of neutrohils is to

A

phagotycose and killing of bacteria

75
Q

with NEUTROPHILS pseudopodia surround bacteria forming

A

phagosomes

76
Q

___ display chemotaxis

A

neutrophils

77
Q

with neutrophils ____ hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall

A

lysozyme

78
Q

how a secondary lysosome forms

A

azurophilic granules fuse with phagosome

79
Q

neutrophils die during pahgocytosis, netosis, formaiton fo superoxide anions processes forming

A

pus

80
Q

___ is involved in the formation of superoxide (O2) anions

A

neutrophils

81
Q

with enutrphils ___ or the release of netlike structure of capable of trapping microbes occurs

A

netosis

82
Q

neutrophils produces

A

cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-8, TGF-β1)

83
Q

lacotferrins binds

A

iron

84
Q

name 2 specific graules of neutrphils

A

Lysozymes 2. lactoferrin

85
Q

burst of ___ -> formaiton of siuperoxide by neutrphils -> death of bacteria

A

02 consumption

86
Q

burst of o2 consumption -> formaiton of ____ by neutrphils -> death of bacteria

A

superoxide

87
Q

burst of o2 consumption -> formaiton of siuperoxide by neutrphils ->

A

death of bacteria

88
Q
  1. make superoxide ions 2. netosis 3. release antibacterial microvesciles 4. make cytokines
A

neutrophils

89
Q

__- are leukocytes with a bilboed nucleus

A

eosinophils

90
Q

eosinophils have no ___ granules

A

azurophilic

91
Q

___ kill larvae of parasitic woms

A

eosphinophils

92
Q

___ phagocytose antigen antibody complexes

A

eosinophils

93
Q

___ inactivate mediatiors of inflam

A

eosinophils

94
Q

___ is the leukocyte that plays a role in asthma

A

eosinophils

95
Q

airway remodelling in asthma involves

A

i. increased smooth muscle ii. increased collagen in ECM iii. goblet cell metaplasia

96
Q

asthma involves airway constriction and mucus

A

hypersecretion

97
Q

___ and ___- are the same size

A

neutrophils and basophils

98
Q

basophils have large -__ granules

A

acurophilic

99
Q

basophil nuclei are less ___ than neutrophils or eosinophils

A

segmented

100
Q

___ nucleus usually obscured by cytoplasmic granules that stain intensely with Azure B.

A

basophil

101
Q

basophil ) granules are rich in__ ___ and ___

A

heparin, histamine and SRS-A

102
Q

____ e. produce eosinophilic chemotactic factor

A

basophils

103
Q

__- are involved in delayed hypersentitivty reactions

A

basopils

104
Q

3 functions of basophils

A
  1. inflammation generalize response immediate hypersensitity reation 3. delayed hypersensitivity reaction
105
Q

delayed hypersensitiy take ___ hours to develop

A

12-18

106
Q

immediate hypersesnitity reations are mediated by

A

ige

107
Q

with immediate hypersensitity rxns ) rapid degranulation of ___ and ___occurs

A

basophils and mast cells

108
Q

rapid degrnaulatio f of basophils may be widespread causing

A

anaphalytic shock -> vasodilation, sudden drop in bp

109
Q

in clinial sitautions__ and ___ accumulate at the same site

A

mast cells and basophils

110
Q

medium lymphocytes have less ___ but more ___ cytoplasm

A

less heterochromatic more cytoplasm

111
Q

___ lymphocyte cells activated by specific antigens

A

large

112
Q

__ lymphocytes have a more diffuse nucleus

A

large

113
Q
A

small lyphocyte features

pale blue cytoplasm

round heterochromatic nucleus

114
Q

____ is the most frequent size of lymphocytes

A

small

115
Q

larger agranular lymphocytes

A

cytoplasm has more organelles

activated by specific antigens

116
Q
A

large grnaular

117
Q

what are the 3 classes of lymphocytes

A

small medium, large agranular, large graular

118
Q

3 functional classes of lymphocytes

A

t lymphocytes

b lymphcytes

natural kiler or null cells

119
Q

b lymohs are ___% of ciruclating lymphocytes

A

10-15%

120
Q

functions of b lymphs

  1. diffierentiate into ___ —> ____ produces antibodies

2.

A

plasma cells

121
Q

___ antigen receptors are immunoglobulins

A

b lymphs

122
Q

daughter cells of b lymph differentiate into

A

plasma cells or memory b cells

123
Q

memory b cells from b lymphs respond more ___ to subsequent exposure

A

more quickly

Histology (10 decks)

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