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Histology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total volume of blood in males and females?

A

Male: 5-6 L
Female: 4-5 L

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2
Q

Functions of blood?

A

Delivery of nutrients and oxygen as well as hormones
Removal of wastes and carbon dioxide
Maintenance of homeostasis
Immune cell transport

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3
Q

What embryological germ layer is blood derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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4
Q

In a centrifuged sample, what are the percentages of the constituents?

A

Plasma: ~55%
Haematocrit: ~45%
Buffy Coat: <1%

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5
Q

True or False: Plasma is 70% water.

A

False, plasma is 90% water

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6
Q

What pH is plasma?

A

7.4

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7
Q

What are the primary plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, a/b/y globulins, fibrinogen and complement proteins

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8
Q

In what organ are albumin, globulins and fibrinogen produced?

A

Liver

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9
Q

What is the main function of albumin?

A

Maintenance of the osmotic blood pressure

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10
Q

True or False: Fibrinogen is involved in clotting.

A

True

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11
Q

What do a/b globulins act as carrier proteins for?

A

Iron, copper and haemoglobin

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12
Q

What plasma proteins are antibodies secreted by lymphocytes?

A

y globulins

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13
Q

What is the function of a/b globulins?

A

Act as enzymes and transport proteins

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14
Q

Describe the appearance of erythrocytes.

A

Anucleate
Biconcave disc
7 micrometres in diameter
Eosinophilic

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15
Q

Why do erythrocytes lack organelles?

A

Maximise cell space for haemoglobin

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16
Q

Why do erythrocytes have a flexible cytoskeleton?

A

To allow them to pass through spaces smaller than them like capillaries

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17
Q

True or False: Erythrocytes attain energy from anaerobic glycolysis.
If true, why?

A

True
They lack mitochondria

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18
Q

What happens as a result of erythrocytes’ terminal differentiation?

A

Cannot replace defective proteins

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19
Q

What is a rouleaux?

A

A loose row of erythrocytes

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20
Q

How long do erythrocytes survive in the circulation?

A

About 120 days

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21
Q

How do erythrocytes stain in normal blood smear?

A

Pale centre surrounded by a thicker, eosinophilic peripheral zone

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22
Q

Define senescent.

A

Worn-out/deteriorated

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23
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

An iron-containing protein that binds to oxygen for transport

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24
Q

What type of haemoglobin is most prevalent in adults?

A

Haemoglobin A - 96% of total amount

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25
Q

How many leukocytes are found in a microlitre of blood?

A

6000-10000

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26
Q

Name the leukocytes that are considered granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils

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27
Q

What are monocytes and lymphocytes classed as?

A

Agranulocytes

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28
Q

True or False: Specific granules are specialised lysosomes that stain darkly and are present in all leukocytes.

A

False, specific granules bind neutral, basic or acidic stains and have specific functions

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29
Q

Describe the nucleus of both granulocytes and agranulocytes.

A

Granulocytes: polymorphic with two or more lobes
Agranulocytes: round or indented

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30
Q

Which granulocyte is the most numerous?

A

Neutrophil

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31
Q

True or False: A neutrophil’s nucleus has 3 to 5 lobes connected by strands of chromatin.

A

True

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32
Q

What is the Barr body?

A

A small drumstick-shaped lobe on the nucleus of a neutrophil that is specific to females

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33
Q

Is neutrophil cytoplasm eosinophilic or basophilic?

A

Lightly eosinophilic

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34
Q

Describe the contents of neutrophils.

A

Faintly neutral staining specific granules
Occasional azurophilic granules that stain reddish purple
Small Golgi apparatus
Few mitochondria
Some glycogen deposits

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35
Q

What are azurophilic granules?

A

Large, dense modified lysosomes containing peroxidase and hydrolytic enzymes to kill engulfed bacteria

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36
Q

Why are RER and mitochondria not abundant in leukocytyes?

A

Because they are in their terminal stage of differentiation and use glycolysis instead

37
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation

38
Q

What happens to specific granules before and after diapedesis?

A

Undergo exocytosis

39
Q

What do neutrophils become when stimulated?

A

Highly motile phagocytes

40
Q

How long do neutrophils stay in the bloodstream?

A

8-12 hours

41
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil in connective tissue?

A

4 days

42
Q

What is the proportion of eosinophils in peripheral blood?

A

1-4%

43
Q

True or False: Eosinophilic numbers follow a nocturnal pattern with larger numbers in the day and a smaller number at night.

A

False, they follow a diurnal pattern

44
Q

State the circulation time and overall lifespan of eosinophils.

A

6-8 hours in the circulation
8-10 days lifespan

45
Q

What colour do eosinophils stain and why?

A

Stain dark pink to crimson because of their specific granules’ affinity for acidic dyes (due to the contents being hydrolytic enzymes and histaminase)

46
Q

What is the nucleus morphology of an eosinophil?

A

Typically bilobed

47
Q

Where are eosinophils most common?

A

Mucosal connective tissues in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

48
Q

What is the ultrastructure of eosinophils?

A

Oval
Flattened internal crystalline core containing major basic protein (which has cytotoxic properties)

49
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A

Phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes and modulate inflammatory responses

50
Q

Describe the appearance of a basophils.

A

Size in between neutrophils and eosinophils (diameter of 10-14 micrometres)
Large, distinctive, intensely basophilic specific granules
Irregular, bilobed nucleus

51
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Act as an effector cell in allergic reactions

52
Q

Define degranulation.

A

When a cell is stimulated to release its granules

53
Q

List the products of basophils.

A

Heparin
Histamine
Platelet-producing factors
Eosinophilic chemotactic factors

54
Q

What do histamine and heparin do?

A

Histamine: increases vascular permeability during an inflammation response
Heparin: prevents blood coagulation

55
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Agranular motile leukocytes that function outside the circulation as macrophages or phagocytes in connective tissue

56
Q

Monocytes are immediate precursors to cells of what system?

A

Monocyte-macrophage system

57
Q

True or False: Monocyte nuclei vary in form and may have an oval, kidney or horseshoe shape.

A

True

58
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of monocytes.

A

Blue-grey tinge with no specific granules but some small, scattered azurophilic granules

59
Q

What agranular leukocyte is more numerous?

A

Lymphocytes with 20-40% of the leukocyte count

60
Q

What is the appearance of a lymphocyte?

A

Spherical
Densely stained nucleus
Thin rim of blue-grey cytoplasm

61
Q

What is the lifespan range of a lymphocyte?

A

A few days to many years

62
Q

What do lymphocytes derive from?

A

Bone marrow stem cells

63
Q

What is the difference between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes in terms of maturation?

A

B lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow, while T lymphocytes differentiate and mature in the thymus

64
Q

What are the percentages of the lymphocyte subtypes in peripheral blood?

A

60-80% T cells
10-15% B cells
Rest are null cells

65
Q

Define humoral immunity.

A

Mediated by antibody molecules that are secreted by plasma cells

66
Q

List the T cell subpopulations.

A

Helper
Suppressor
Killer
Memory

67
Q

True or False: Cell-mediated immunity involves B cells, while humoral immunity involves T cells.

A

False

68
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Non-nucleated, disc-like cell fragments that promote blood clotting and repair minor tears or leaks in blood vessel walls

69
Q

Where do thrombocytes originate from?

A

Fragmentation of the ends of cytoplasmic processes of megakaryocytes

70
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

About 10 days

71
Q

What is a granulomere?

A

A central zone of compact region in platelets in cytoplasm that contain darker staining granules that stain blue to purple

72
Q

What is a peripheral, pale homogenous zone of platelet aggregrations in cytoplasm called?

A

A hyalomere

73
Q

What does the well-developed cytoskeleton of a platelet participate in?

A

Extrusion of granules and clot retraction

74
Q

What do platelets produce?

A

von Willebrand factor
Thrombospondin
Platelet-derived growth factor

75
Q

What does the peripheral hyalomere contain?

A

Circumferential bundle of microtubules and cytoplasmic filaments

76
Q

What is the role of actin and myosin in the hyalomere?

A

Contraction during blood clot formation

77
Q

What happens with platelets during haemostasis?

A

Platelets adhere to the site of damage, aggregate, degranulate and activation of fibrin production

78
Q

What are the 3 stages of haemopoiesis?

A
  1. Yolk-sac
  2. Hepatic
  3. Bone Marrow
79
Q

Describe the structure of bone marrow.

A

Stroma of loose reticular C.T and a parenchyma of haemopoietic cells arranged in irregular cords or islands separated by thin-walled venous sinusoids

80
Q

True or False: The two types of bone marrow are red marrow and white marrow.

A

False, it’s red and yellow marrow

81
Q

What are venous sinusoids?

A

Thin-walled vessels that form an extensive communicating network, lined with a single layer of thin endothelial cells linked by gap and tight junctions

82
Q

What produces the reticular fibre network that supports haemopoietic cells?

A

Advential reticular cells

83
Q

True or False: Advential reticular cells are modified fibroblasts.

A

True

84
Q

What are the 4 classes of stem cells?

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotential/Committed

85
Q

What is the stage called where a neutrophilic granulocyte’s nucleus becomes elongated but not yet polymorphic?

A

Stab or band cell

86
Q

What cells do monoblasts develop from?

A

CFU-GM progenitor cells

87
Q

What is the lymphocyte precursor cell?

A

CFU-L cell

88
Q

Name the invaginations of the plasma membrane of a megakaryocyte.

A

Demarcation membrane

89
Q

What does erythropoietin do and where is it produced?

A

Stimulates erythrocyte production
Kidneys

Histology 2 (6 decks)

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