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Histology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total volume of blood in males and females?

A

Male: 5-6 L
Female: 4-5 L

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2
Q

Functions of blood?

A

Delivery of nutrients and oxygen as well as hormones
Removal of wastes and carbon dioxide
Maintenance of homeostasis
Immune cell transport

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3
Q

What embryological germ layer is blood derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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4
Q

In a centrifuged sample, what are the percentages of the constituents?

A

Plasma: ~55%
Haematocrit: ~45%
Buffy Coat: <1%

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5
Q

True or False: Plasma is 70% water.

A

False, plasma is 90% water

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6
Q

What pH is plasma?

A

7.4

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7
Q

What are the primary plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, a/b/y globulins, fibrinogen and complement proteins

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8
Q

In what organ are albumin, globulins and fibrinogen produced?

A

Liver

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9
Q

What is the main function of albumin?

A

Maintenance of the osmotic blood pressure

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10
Q

True or False: Fibrinogen is involved in clotting.

A

True

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11
Q

What do a/b globulins act as carrier proteins for?

A

Iron, copper and haemoglobin

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12
Q

What plasma proteins are antibodies secreted by lymphocytes?

A

y globulins

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13
Q

What is the function of a/b globulins?

A

Act as enzymes and transport proteins

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14
Q

Describe the appearance of erythrocytes.

A

Anucleate
Biconcave disc
7 micrometres in diameter
Eosinophilic

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15
Q

Why do erythrocytes lack organelles?

A

Maximise cell space for haemoglobin

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16
Q

Why do erythrocytes have a flexible cytoskeleton?

A

To allow them to pass through spaces smaller than them like capillaries

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17
Q

True or False: Erythrocytes attain energy from anaerobic glycolysis.
If true, why?

A

True
They lack mitochondria

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18
Q

What happens as a result of erythrocytes’ terminal differentiation?

A

Cannot replace defective proteins

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19
Q

What is a rouleaux?

A

A loose row of erythrocytes

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20
Q

How long do erythrocytes survive in the circulation?

A

About 120 days

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21
Q

How do erythrocytes stain in normal blood smear?

A

Pale centre surrounded by a thicker, eosinophilic peripheral zone

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22
Q

Define senescent.

A

Worn-out/deteriorated

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23
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

An iron-containing protein that binds to oxygen for transport

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24
Q

What type of haemoglobin is most prevalent in adults?

A

Haemoglobin A - 96% of total amount

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25
How many leukocytes are found in a microlitre of blood?
6000-10000
26
Name the leukocytes that are considered granulocytes?
Eosinophils Neutrophils Basophils
27
What are monocytes and lymphocytes classed as?
Agranulocytes
28
True or False: Specific granules are specialised lysosomes that stain darkly and are present in all leukocytes.
False, specific granules bind neutral, basic or acidic stains and have specific functions
29
Describe the nucleus of both granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Granulocytes: polymorphic with two or more lobes Agranulocytes: round or indented
30
Which granulocyte is the most numerous?
Neutrophil
31
True or False: A neutrophil's nucleus has 3 to 5 lobes connected by strands of chromatin.
True
32
What is the Barr body?
A small drumstick-shaped lobe on the nucleus of a neutrophil that is specific to females
33
Is neutrophil cytoplasm eosinophilic or basophilic?
Lightly eosinophilic
34
Describe the contents of neutrophils.
Faintly neutral staining specific granules Occasional azurophilic granules that stain reddish purple Small Golgi apparatus Few mitochondria Some glycogen deposits
35
What are azurophilic granules?
Large, dense modified lysosomes containing peroxidase and hydrolytic enzymes to kill engulfed bacteria
36
Why are RER and mitochondria not abundant in leukocytyes?
Because they are in their terminal stage of differentiation and use glycolysis instead
37
What is diapedesis?
The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation
38
What happens to specific granules before and after diapedesis?
Undergo exocytosis
39
What do neutrophils become when stimulated?
Highly motile phagocytes
40
How long do neutrophils stay in the bloodstream?
8-12 hours
41
What is the lifespan of a neutrophil in connective tissue?
4 days
42
What is the proportion of eosinophils in peripheral blood?
1-4%
43
True or False: Eosinophilic numbers follow a nocturnal pattern with larger numbers in the day and a smaller number at night.
False, they follow a diurnal pattern
44
State the circulation time and overall lifespan of eosinophils.
6-8 hours in the circulation 8-10 days lifespan
45
What colour do eosinophils stain and why?
Stain dark pink to crimson because of their specific granules' affinity for acidic dyes (due to the contents being hydrolytic enzymes and histaminase)
46
What is the nucleus morphology of an eosinophil?
Typically bilobed
47
Where are eosinophils most common?
Mucosal connective tissues in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
48
What is the ultrastructure of eosinophils?
Oval Flattened internal crystalline core containing major basic protein (which has cytotoxic properties)
49
What are the functions of eosinophils?
Phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes and modulate inflammatory responses
50
Describe the appearance of a basophils.
Size in between neutrophils and eosinophils (diameter of 10-14 micrometres) Large, distinctive, intensely basophilic specific granules Irregular, bilobed nucleus
51
What is the function of basophils?
Act as an effector cell in allergic reactions
52
Define degranulation.
When a cell is stimulated to release its granules
53
List the products of basophils.
Heparin Histamine Platelet-producing factors Eosinophilic chemotactic factors
54
What do histamine and heparin do?
Histamine: increases vascular permeability during an inflammation response Heparin: prevents blood coagulation
55
What are monocytes?
Agranular motile leukocytes that function outside the circulation as macrophages or phagocytes in connective tissue
56
Monocytes are immediate precursors to cells of what system?
Monocyte-macrophage system
57
True or False: Monocyte nuclei vary in form and may have an oval, kidney or horseshoe shape.
True
58
Describe the cytoplasm of monocytes.
Blue-grey tinge with no specific granules but some small, scattered azurophilic granules
59
What agranular leukocyte is more numerous?
Lymphocytes with 20-40% of the leukocyte count
60
What is the appearance of a lymphocyte?
Spherical Densely stained nucleus Thin rim of blue-grey cytoplasm
61
What is the lifespan range of a lymphocyte?
A few days to many years
62
What do lymphocytes derive from?
Bone marrow stem cells
63
What is the difference between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes in terms of maturation?
B lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow, while T lymphocytes differentiate and mature in the thymus
64
What are the percentages of the lymphocyte subtypes in peripheral blood?
60-80% T cells 10-15% B cells Rest are null cells
65
Define humoral immunity.
Mediated by antibody molecules that are secreted by plasma cells
66
List the T cell subpopulations.
Helper Suppressor Killer Memory
67
True or False: Cell-mediated immunity involves B cells, while humoral immunity involves T cells.
False
68
What are thrombocytes?
Non-nucleated, disc-like cell fragments that promote blood clotting and repair minor tears or leaks in blood vessel walls
69
Where do thrombocytes originate from?
Fragmentation of the ends of cytoplasmic processes of megakaryocytes
70
What is the lifespan of platelets?
About 10 days
71
What is a granulomere?
A central zone of compact region in platelets in cytoplasm that contain darker staining granules that stain blue to purple
72
What is a peripheral, pale homogenous zone of platelet aggregrations in cytoplasm called?
A hyalomere
73
What does the well-developed cytoskeleton of a platelet participate in?
Extrusion of granules and clot retraction
74
What do platelets produce?
von Willebrand factor Thrombospondin Platelet-derived growth factor
75
What does the peripheral hyalomere contain?
Circumferential bundle of microtubules and cytoplasmic filaments
76
What is the role of actin and myosin in the hyalomere?
Contraction during blood clot formation
77
What happens with platelets during haemostasis?
Platelets adhere to the site of damage, aggregate, degranulate and activation of fibrin production
78
What are the 3 stages of haemopoiesis?
1. Yolk-sac 2. Hepatic 3. Bone Marrow
79
Describe the structure of bone marrow.
Stroma of loose reticular C.T and a parenchyma of haemopoietic cells arranged in irregular cords or islands separated by thin-walled venous sinusoids
80
True or False: The two types of bone marrow are red marrow and white marrow.
False, it's red and yellow marrow
81
What are venous sinusoids?
Thin-walled vessels that form an extensive communicating network, lined with a single layer of thin endothelial cells linked by gap and tight junctions
82
What produces the reticular fibre network that supports haemopoietic cells?
Advential reticular cells
83
True or False: Advential reticular cells are modified fibroblasts.
True
84
What are the 4 classes of stem cells?
Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent Unipotential/Committed
85
What is the stage called where a neutrophilic granulocyte's nucleus becomes elongated but not yet polymorphic?
Stab or band cell
86
What cells do monoblasts develop from?
CFU-GM progenitor cells
87
What is the lymphocyte precursor cell?
CFU-L cell
88
Name the invaginations of the plasma membrane of a megakaryocyte.
Demarcation membrane
89
What does erythropoietin do and where is it produced?
Stimulates erythrocyte production Kidneys

Histology 2 (6 decks)

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